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FNP AANP prep – Endocrine Latest Exam 2025 2026 With Correct Verified Answers, Exams of Nursing

Trinity School of NursingNursing

Hypothalamus - correct answer>>-sends "releasing hormone" signals -TRH, GNRH, GHRH, CRH, & somatostatin Negative feedback system - correct answer>>-low levels = stimulates production -high levels = ceases production Anterior pituitary - correct answer>>-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): ovaries, eggs & estrogen development -thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): thyroid gland, T3 & T4 -growth hormone (GH): somatic growth of body -prolactin: lactation & breast development -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): adrenal glands, cortisol & aldosterone -luteinizing hormone (LH): ovulation, progesterone & testosterone -melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH): melanin production (in response to UV light) Posterior pituitary - correct answer>>-antidiuretic hormone (ADH): promotes water retention at the kidneys -oxytocin: uterine contractions & breast milk ejection Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - AP - correct answer>>-ovaries, eggs & estrogen

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FNP AANP prep – Endocrine Latest Exam 2025-
2026 With Correct Verified Answers
Hypothalamus - correct answer>>-sends "releasing hormone" signals
-TRH, GNRH, GHRH, CRH, & somatostatin
Negative feedback system - correct answer>>-low levels = stimulates production
-high levels = ceases production
Anterior pituitary - correct answer>>-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): ovaries, eggs &
estrogen development
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): thyroid gland, T3 & T4
-growth hormone (GH): somatic growth of body
-prolactin: lactation & breast development
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): adrenal glands, cortisol & aldosterone
-luteinizing hormone (LH): ovulation, progesterone & testosterone
-melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH): melanin production (in response to UV light)
Posterior pituitary - correct answer>>-antidiuretic hormone (ADH): promotes water
retention at the kidneys
-oxytocin: uterine contractions & breast milk ejection
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - AP - correct answer>>-ovaries, eggs & estrogen
development
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - AP - correct answer>>-thyroid gland, T3 & T4
Growth hormone (GH) - AP - correct answer>>-somatic growth of the body
Prolactin - AP - correct answer>>-lactation & breast development
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - AP - correct answer>>-adrenal glands, cortisol &
aldosterone
Luteinizing hormone (LH) - AP - correct answer>>-ovulation, progesterone &
testosterone
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - AP - correct answer>>-melanin production (in
response to UV light)
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Download FNP AANP prep – Endocrine Latest Exam 2025 2026 With Correct Verified Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

FNP AANP prep – Endocrine Latest Exam 2025-

2026 With Correct Verified Answers

Hypothalamus - correct answer>>-sends "releasing hormone" signals

  • TRH, GNRH, GHRH, CRH, & somatostatin Negative feedback system - correct answer>>-low levels = stimulates production
  • high levels = ceases production Anterior pituitary - correct answer>>-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): ovaries, eggs & estrogen development
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): thyroid gland, T3 & T 4
  • growth hormone (GH): somatic growth of body
  • prolactin: lactation & breast development
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): adrenal glands, cortisol & aldosterone
  • luteinizing hormone (LH): ovulation, progesterone & testosterone
  • melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH): melanin production (in response to UV light) Posterior pituitary - correct answer>>-antidiuretic hormone (ADH): promotes water retention at the kidneys
  • oxytocin: uterine contractions & breast milk ejection Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - AP - correct answer>>-ovaries, eggs & estrogen development Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - AP - correct answer>>-thyroid gland, T3 & T Growth hormone (GH) - AP - correct answer>>-somatic growth of the body Prolactin - AP - correct answer>>-lactation & breast development Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - AP - correct answer>>-adrenal glands, cortisol & aldosterone Luteinizing hormone (LH) - AP - correct answer>>-ovulation, progesterone & testosterone Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - AP - correct answer>>-melanin production (in response to UV light)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - PP - correct answer>>-promotes water retention at the kidneys Oxytocin - PP - correct answer>>-uterine contractions & breast milk ejection Parathyroid glands - correct answer>>-sit on the back of the thyroid

  • a set of 4 small glands int eh neck that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • releases PTH when calcium levels in the blood are low
  • stimulates the bones to release calcium into the blood stream
  • helps the intestines absorb calcium from food and the kidneys conserve calcium *calcium & phosphorus have an inverse relationship. When calcium raises, phosphorus falls and vice-versa Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - correct answer>>-regulates calcium levels in the blood
  • goal: raise serum calcium
  • absorbs calcium (intestines)
  • decrease calcium clearance (kidneys)
  • releases calcium (bones) Hyperparathyroidism - correct answer>>-hypercalcemia (low phosphorus)
  • etiology
  1. Primary: pituitary tumors
  2. Chronic kidney disease, low vitamin D, neck radiation
  • signs/symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, confusion, muscle weakness, bone pain
  • risks: elevated calcium levels may indicate underlying malignancy
  • treatment: parathyroidectomy (will need to take calcium supplements) Hypoparathyroidism - correct answer>>-hypocalcemia (high phosphorus) *MUST KNOW exam findings:
  1. Trousseau: tetany; latent tetany of wrist when BP cuff inflated
  2. Chvotsek: cheek; facial twitching when facial nerve tapped
  • treatment: calcium supplements *test tip: "organic" orange juice is NOT a high source of calcium Trousseau - correct answer>>-tetany
  • latent tetany of wrist when BP cuff inflated Chvostek - correct answer>>-cheek
  • facial twitching when facial nerve tapped
  • autoimmune disorder that leads to generalized overactivity of thyroid gland & overproduction of thyroid hormones
  • signs/symptoms: goiter, fine hair, tremors, palpitations, weight loss, lid lag
  • diagnostics: thyroid gland ultrasound
  • treatment options:
    1. Symptoms management (ex: propanolol)
    1. PTU or methimazole (tapazole)...in pregnant patients, PTU (1st tri) & tapazole (2nd tri)
    1. Radioactive iodine *recheck TSH levels Q6 weeks until normal (0.5-5 mu/L); once TSH regulated, recheck every 6-12 months
  • adverse events: thyroid storm (thyrotoxicosis) - elevations in BP, HR, and temp. Life- threatening. Refer to ED! Subclinical hypothyroidism - correct answer>>-abnormal TSH findings with normal T3/T levels
  • TSH >5 & T3/FREE T4 normal
  • treatment: none! Recheck levels in 6 mo Subclinical hyperthyroidism - correct answer>>-abnormal TSH findings with normal T3/T4 levels
  • TSH <0.5 & T3/FREE T4 normal
  • treatment: none! Recheck levels in 6 mo Lupus - correct answer>>-autoimmune disease which triggers the immune system to mistakenly attack healthy tissues, production widespread inflammation
  • hallmark presentation: malar rash or "butterfly rash"; spares the naso-labial folds; can present on bridge of nose
  • 11 stereotypical symptoms for diagnosis:
  1. Malar rash
  2. Discoid rash
  3. Arthritis > 2 joints
  4. Photosensitivity
  5. Nasal/oral ulcerations
  6. Serositis
  7. Renal disorders
  8. Neuro disorders
  9. Immune disorders (Plts <100k)
  10. Cardio-pulmonary disorders
  11. Positive ANA test (not solely diagnostic)

not necessary to memorize for the exam, but understand there are many diagnostic symptoms apart from just a positive ANA test!

  • adverse events: lupus nephritis - BLE edema with hematuria; check renal panel & sjorgen's syndrome - extreme dry eyes! Eye drops for lubrication Addison's disease - correct answer>>-"primary adrenal insufficiency"
  • etiology: autoimmune destruction to adrenal cortex (outer later of adrenal gland)
  • signs/symptoms: hyperpigmentation (appears tan), weight loss, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, myalgia, hypotension
  • diagnostics: high ACTH & low serum cortisol *aldosterone: regulates sodium retention and potassium excretion via kidneys
  • labs: hyperkalemia & hyponatremia
  • caution: addisonian crisis! Need to add emergency steroids Cushing's disease - correct answer>>-overproduction of cortisol
  • signs/symptoms: "moon face" (puffy, round face), irregular menses, hypertension, triangular obesity (weight gain around the middle and upper back), purple striae obesity, fatigue, muscle weakness & easy bruising
  • diagnostics: normal ACTH & elevated midnight cortisol test *aldosterone: regulates sodium retention and potassium excretion via kidneys
  • labs: hypokalemia & hypernatremia
  • treatment:
  1. Surgical removal of tumor
  2. Radiation therapy Aldosterone - correct answer>>-regulates sodium retention and potassium excretion via kidneys Pancreas - correct answer>>-exocrine gland with endocrine functions
  • pancreatic islets (cluster of cells)
  • beta cells: produce insulin helps reduce blood glucose
  • alpha cells: produce glucagon helps increase blood glucose
  • delta cells: produce somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
  • hormones excreted into blood stream
  • negative feedback system for glucose regulation Beta cells - correct answer>>-produce insulin helps reduce blood glucose Alpha cells - correct answer>>-produce glucagon
  • helps increase blood glucose
  1. Lab work: renal function labs, microalbuminemia, lipid panel
  2. Immunizations: flu, pneumococcal, hepatitis B & TDAP kept up to date
  3. Referrals: visits with optometry, podiatry, nephrology
  • HgbA1c: <5.6%
  • Fasting glucose levels: <
  • 2 - hour glucose tolerance: <139 - correct answer>>What are NORMAL HgbA1c, fasting glucose levels, 2-hour glucose tolerance?
  • HgbA1c: 5.7-6.4%
  • Fasting glucose levels: 100- 125
  • 2 - hour glucose tolerance: 140- 199 - correct answer>>What are PRE-DIABETES HgbA1c, fasting glucose levels, 2-hour glucose tolerance?
  • HgbA1c: 6.5%
  • Fasting glucose levels: 126
  • 2 - hour glucose tolerance: 200
  • Random glucose elves: 200 & symptomatic (3 P's) - correct answer>>What are DIABETES HgbA1c, fasting glucose levels, 2-hour glucose tolerance, random glucose levels?
  • Level 1: fasting glucose <70 mg/dl
  • Level 2: fasting glucose <54 mg/dl - correct answer>>What are level 1 levels and levels 2 levels for diagnosing hypoglycemia? 1 - Metformin (biguanides) 2 - SGLT-2 inhibitors 3 - DPP-4 inhibitors 4 - Sulfonylureas 5 - Thiazolidinediones (TZD's) 6 - GLP-1 agonists - correct answer>>What are the 6 diabetes medication classes? "Many Say Don't Step (on) The Grass" Metformin (biguanides) - correct answer>>"Big & wide, give 'em a biguanide!
  • first-line diabetes medication: no hypoglycemia risk & pregnancy safe
  • mechanism of action: reduces insulin resistance & glucose production
  • common side effects: GI upset & weight loss
  • CAUTION:
    1. Avoid contrast dyes
    1. Stop does if GFR <
    1. Long-term use: B12 deficiency risk
  • medication escalation: Metformin 500mg daily—>(if hgbA1c >7% after 3 months)—

Metformin 500mg BID—>(if hgbA1c >7% after 3 months)—>Metformin 1000mg BID— (if hgbA1c >7% after 3 months)—>Metformin 2500mg daily (max dose)—>(if hgbA1c still >7% ADD ON DIFF DIABETES MED CLASS TO REGIMEN!! Insulin - correct answer>>R ("ready") — rapid (humalog) — 15 min onset — 1 hour peak — 2 - 4 hour duration S ("set") — short (regular) — 30 min onset — 2 - 4 hour peak — 8 hour duration I ("inject") — intermediate (NPH) — 2 hour onset — 8 hour peak — 16 hour duration L ("love") — long (levimir/lantus) — 2 hour onset — no peak! — 24 hour duration *start insulin if HgbA1c is >9% (also pregnancy safe)

  • test tip: subcutaneous injection - pinch the skin & insert the needle at a 45 degree angle SGLT-2 inhibitors - correct answer>>-"Some Girls Like to Toilet in 2's to let it FLO"
  • suffix: - FLOZIN
  • mechanism of action: 1)blocks reabsorption of glucose. 2)extra glucose secreted in urine *test tip: avoid in history of UTI's & yeast infections
  • weight loss, neutral, or gain?: weight loss
  • cardio protective! DPP-4 inhibitors - correct answer>>-"Don't 4-get to Pucker your "LIP"s!
  • suffix: - GLIPTINS
  • mechanism of action: 1)increases insulin secretion. 2)reduces glucagon production
  • weight loss, neutral, or gain?: weight neutral and/or weight loss
  • avoid in pancreatitis! Sulfonyureas - correct answer>>-"SULFA allergy? "IDE" still give it to you!
  • suffix: - IDE
  • mechanism of action: stimulates beta cells in pancreas to secrete insulin *test tip: high risk for hypoglycemia
  • weight loss, neutral, or gain?: weight gain potential
  • avoid in elderly due to high fall risk! From hypoglycemia Thiazolidinediones (TZD's) - correct answer>>-"You're in the ZONE! But not with CHF, ever or alone!
  • suffix: - ZONE
  • mechanism of action: 1)increase insulin sensitivity. 2)reduces glucagon production