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Final Exam Study Guide APHY 101 Ivy Tech
questions with answers
The study of structure and the relationships between structures is _______________. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔anatomy The study of the function of body parts is _______________. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔physiology What are the levels of organization and define each. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems cell structures that carry out special functions in a cell - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔organelle basic unit of structure & function in a living thing - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cell A group of similar cells that are organized to do a specific job. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Tissue A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔organ Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔organ system
a living thing made of a group of organ systems - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔organism What are the characteristics of Life? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Circulation Assimilation Excretion What are the requirements of life? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Water food oxygen heat pressure Define homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The body's ability to keep its internal conditions stable, so that it's cells can survive What is a homeostatic mechanism? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Receptors
a weak attraction formed when a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to a slightly negative atom within either the same molecule or a different molecule - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔hydrogen bonds the production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔synthesis breakdown is the separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔decomposition a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔reactant The substances that result from this recombination of atoms - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔product an electrolyte that dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H+) and an anion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔acid Substances that combine with H+ and make a solution less acidic. Represented by OH- - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔base unit of measurement that indicates how many H+ ions are in a solution - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ph scale molecule containing carbon atoms; carbs, proteins, lipids - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔organic molecules
chemical substance that is not organic; water, acids, bases - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔inorganic molecules chemical reaction in which water is formed during formation of a complex molecule - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔dehydration synthesis chemical reaction in which water is used during the breakdown of a complex molecule - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔hydrolysis an organic molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔carbohydrate any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔lipids organic molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acid monomers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔protein an organic molecule composed of nucleotide monomers; in DNA and RNA. These store genetic information in the cell - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔nucleic acid lipid providing long-term energy storage in adipose connective tissue; composed of glycerol and three fatty acids - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Triglycerides
appears as a Double Helix. It appears like a twisted ladder. Within the structures are rungs represented by Four-letter alphabet. The spiral is also made up of sugar and phosphate - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA a spiraling thread with bases sticking out towards the center. It also consists of sugar, phosphates and nitrogenous bases - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔RNA
- A (Adenine)
- G (Guanine)
- C (Cytosine)
- T (Thymine) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA
- A (Adenine)
- G (Guanine)
- C (Cytosine)
- U (Uracil) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔RNA Adenine pairs with (DNA) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Thymine Cytosine pairs with - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Guanine Adenine pairs with (RNA) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Urecile
- Replication of genetic information
- Transfer of genetic information - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA
- Carry genetic information - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔RNA
- Cell Nucleus and Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA
- Cell Nucleus, Cytoplasm and Ribosome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔RNA Controls what moves in and out of the cell,Selectively permeable, outer limit of a cell - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cell membrane fluid part of the cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔endoplasm liquid surrounded by cell membrane - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cytosol solids surrounded by cell membrane - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔organelles controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell, and provides for signal transduction - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cell membrane Cell Membrane Structure Membrane mainly composed of - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔protein, lipid, cholesterol, Free floating or connected to ER Provide structural support and enzyme activity
function that contains substances that recently entered the cell, store and transport newly synthesized molecules. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔vesicle function this function maintains the integrity of the nucleus, controls the passage of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔nuclear envelope Dense collection of RNA and proteins Site of ribosome production - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔nucleolus Carries information for synthesizing proteins (function - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔chromatin a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔nuclear pore movement of molecules from a an area of higher to lower concentration down a concentration gradient - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔diffusion diffusion of water across a membrane passive process moving from high water concentration to a lower water concentration movement of area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration
can occur through simple diffusion or aquaporins - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔osomosis passive process where molecules use an integral proteins to cross the bilayer - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔facilitated diffusion Hydrostatic pressure important in the body - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔filtration Carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration Sugars, amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions, etc. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔active transport Cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance Three types: Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, Receptor-mediated - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔endocytosis process by which a cell takes in a solid substance - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔phagocytosis liquid and small particles dissolved in liquid - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔pinocytosis exit out of the cell vesicles fuse with plasma membrane as secretion occurs
A water solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Basic The secondary structure of a protein molecule is the result of - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔hydrogen bonds An organic compound always contains - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Carbon Hydrogen Stages of the cell cycle unfold in the following order: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔mitosis, interphase, cytoplasmic division, differentiation Which of the following transport processes does not require expenditure of cellular energy? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔facilitated diffusion A cofactor is ______ and examples are _____. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔enzymes; copper, iron, and zinc An active site of an enzyme is - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the part of an enzyme that combines with a substrate. The aerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria. (T & F) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔T The type of intercellular junction that consists of fused membranes is a(an) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Tight junctions
They support and bind nervous tissue and provide nutrients and growth factors to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔function of nureglia (An) ______ gland does not branch before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔simple gland The type of intercellular junction that forms tubular channels is - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔gap junctions Three physiological factors that affect the color of skin are: volume of blood in dermal vessels, carotene in the subcutaneous layer, and various diseases. (T&F) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔T Skin wrinkles with age because fat is lost from the subcutaneous layer and the dermis shrinks. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔t In treating a burn patient, the "rule of nines" is used to estimate the - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔surface area of burn The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis. (T&F) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔F A second degree burn is the same as a full-thickness burn. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔F
Contractile ring pinches cytoplasm in half - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cytokinesis small molecules are built up into larger ones; requires energy. provides the materials needed for cellular growth and repair - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔anabolism larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones; releases energy - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔catabolism protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction; control rates of metabolic reactions; not consumed in chemical reactions - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔enzyme very specifically shaped molecule on which an enzyme acts - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔substrate part of an enzyme that temporarily binds a substrate whose shape determines its substrate - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔activate sites -disruption of protein folding - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔denaturization what causes denaturaization? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔heat and chemicals organic molecule that stores and transfers energy, used in cellular processes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔adenosine triphosphate
-H atoms are released, bind to NAD -produce NADH, which delivers H and high energy electrons to electron transport chain -ADP is phosphorylated to become ATP -2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 molecules of ATP are produced - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔production of NADH and ATP Where is energy stored in ATP? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔bonds of the phosphate group occur when oxygen is available; pyruvic acid is used to produce acetyl CoA; citric acid cycle begins; electron transport chain functions; carbon dioxide and water are formed; up to 36 molecules of ATP are produced per each glucose molecule - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔aerobic reactions Krebs Cycle/AKA citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain/ AKA oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis These are both aerobic and exclusively aerobic - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔aerobic respiration stages can proceed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔glycolysis makes a total of 2 ATP - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔anaerobic respiration makes up to 38 ATP - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Aerobic respiration
The electron carriers shift between _______ and ________ states as they accept and donate electron - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔reduced oxidized Electron Transport chain 2: ____ provides _ electrons to the first carrier in the chain. This process releases energy because the electrons are at a lower energy state after being passed to the first carrier. The energy released is used to drive the transport of ________ ions into the ______________ space. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔NADH 2 hydrogen inter- membrane Electron Transport chain STEP 3: Moving along the chain: This process continues as the _________ are passed to subsequent ________ ________, each at a lower energy state. The energy released with each transfer of electrons is used to drive more protons into the inter-membrane space. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔electrons electron carriers Electron Transport chain Termination: Step 4 This process is completed when the final electron carrier passes electrons to ______, which picks up two ________ ions (H+) and forms water - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔oxygen hydrogen double stranded helix made of 2 strands of nucleotides on a backbone of sugar phosphate chain
5-C sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA DNA wrapped about histone forms - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔chromosomes building block of nuclei acids; made of a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔nucleiotide All of the RNA in a cell is made by - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA transcription __________ begins with the opening and unwinding of a small portion of the DNA double helix to expose the bases on each DNA strand. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Transcription messenger ribonucleic acid; carries code from DNA to ribosome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔mRNA transfer ribonucleic acid; brings amino acids to ribosome; has an attachment paint for a specific amino acid and a region of 3 bases called an anticodon, attracted to complementary mRNA codons - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔tRNA in tRNA, a triplet of nitrogenous bases that is complementary to a specific codon in mRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔anticodon in RNA, a three-base "word" that codes for one amino acid (Concept 11.4). Several of these translate into a polypeptide. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔codon
