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The Reagan Era: Nuclear Anxiety and the Debate between SDI and Nuclear Winter - Prof. Will, Study notes of World History

The political and scientific debates surrounding nuclear strategy during the reagan era, focusing on the ideas of nuclear winter and the strategic defense initiative (sdi). Key figures such as ronald reagan, carl sagan, and their opposing views on nuclear war and defense. It also touches upon the impact of films like 'the day after' and 'star wars' on public perception and policy.

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Uploaded on 12/08/2009

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The Reagan Era, Part I
Week 8--Film: The Day After
Terms:
Ronald Reagan Carl Sagan
Neo-Conservative TTAPS
Team B The Day After
Richard Pipes Richard Perle
Irving Krystol Nuclear Freeze
Evil Empire Reaganomics
Strategic Defensive Initiative KAL 007
Able Archer ’83 Nuclear Winter
Casper Weinberger Mikhail Gorbachev
Committee on the Present Danger Afghanistan
Questions to consider:
Which idea seemed more plausible: Nuclear Winter or SDI?
Why?
What were some events/themes/ideas/people that supported
the resurgence of Conservatism in the 1980s?
Why does 1983 mark a new high-point in atomic anxiety?
Nena 99 Luftballoons (translated from
German)
Do you have some time for me? Then
I’ll sing a song for you; About 99
Balloons, on their way to the horizon;
Are you perhaps thinking of me? Then
I’ll sing a song for you; About 99
Balloons; And that something like war
comes from such a thing
99 Balloons on their way to the horizon;
They thought they were UFOs from
Space; So a general sent a flying squad
out there; To raise the alarm if it was
true
Yet on the horizon were on 99 Balloons;
99 Jet planes, each one was a great
warrior ; Thought that they were Captain
Kirk, there were great fireworks
The neighborhood had failed to
understand; and they felt harassed; still
they shot on the horizon, 99 Balloons
99 Ministers of War, Matches and Gas
Cans, Thought they were clever people;
Caught up in glory of war; Shouted
“WAR” and sought power; Man!, who
would have thought? That one day it
would come to this from 99 Balloons?
99 years of war; there are no victors;
there are no ministers of war left; and
no jet planes either; today I’m doing my
rounds; seeing the world in ruins; found
a balloon and thought of you, and let it
fly
The Day After: Political Fallout
“One can think of no
other subject from foreign
policy to the economy
that a network would dare
to present in such a one
dimensional manner.”
-Jerry Fallwell
The film had a clear goal:
“removing tactical nuclear
missiles from the European
theater.”
- Vin Webb (R-CO)
“Let’s reject the vision of The
Day After. Let’s reject it!
Let’s reject it for us and let’s
reject its despair and doom
and gloom for our children.”
-Preacher, Lawrence, KS
One parent advised his
children not to worry, that
regarding nuclear war:
“Adults are working on
that. You don’t need to
worry about that.”
- Parent, Lawrence KS
The film was nothing
more than a “two and a
half hour commercial for
the Kremlin, and they
didn’t even have to put
KGB actors in it.”
- Anonymous
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Download The Reagan Era: Nuclear Anxiety and the Debate between SDI and Nuclear Winter - Prof. Will and more Study notes World History in PDF only on Docsity!

The Reagan Era, Part I

Week 8--Film: The Day After

Terms: Ronald Reagan Carl Sagan Neo-Conservative TTAPS Team B The Day After Richard Pipes Richard Perle Irving Krystol Nuclear Freeze Evil Empire Reaganomics Strategic Defensive Initiative KAL 007 Able Archer ’83 Nuclear Winter Casper Weinberger Mikhail Gorbachev Committee on the Present Danger Afghanistan

Questions to consider:

Which idea seemed more plausible: Nuclear Winter or SDI? Why? What were some events/themes/ideas/people that supported the resurgence of Conservatism in the 1980s? Why does 1983 mark a new high-point in atomic anxiety?

Nena – 99 Luftballoons (translated from German) Do you have some time for me? Then I’ll sing a song for you; About 99 Balloons, on their way to the horizon; Are you perhaps thinking of me? Then I’ll sing a song for you; About 99 Balloons; And that something like war comes from such a thing 99 Balloons on their way to the horizon; They thought they were UFOs from Space; So a general sent a flying squad out there; To raise the alarm if it was true Yet on the horizon were on 99 Balloons; 99 Jet planes, each one was a great warrior ; Thought that they were Captain Kirk, there were great fireworks The neighborhood had failed to understand; and they felt harassed; still they shot on the horizon, 99 Balloons 99 Ministers of War, Matches and Gas Cans, Thought they were clever people; Caught up in glory of war; Shouted “WAR” and sought power; Man!, who would have thought? That one day it would come to this from 99 Balloons? 99 years of war; there are no victors; there are no ministers of war left; and no jet planes either; today I’m doing my rounds; seeing the world in ruins; found a balloon and thought of you, and let it fly

The Day After: Political Fallout

“One can think of no other subject from foreign policy to the economy that a network would dare to present in such a one dimensional manner.”

  • Jerry Fallwell

The film had a clear goal: “removing tactical nuclear missiles from the European theater.”

  • Vin Webb (R-CO)

“Let’s reject the vision of The Day After. Let’s reject it! Let’s reject it for us and let’s reject its despair and doom and gloom for our children.”

-Preacher, Lawrence, KS

One parent advised his children not to worry, that regarding nuclear war: “Adults are working on that. You don’t need to worry about that.”

  • Parent, Lawrence KS

The film was nothing more than a “two and a half hour commercial for the Kremlin, and they didn’t even have to put KGB actors in it.”

  • Anonymous

Changing the Nuclear Landscape: Star Wars

and Nuclear Winter, 1983-

Discussions of the nuclear balance have been

much enlivened by two novel and far-reaching

complexities. One is President Reagan’s

espousal of a defensive shield to protect America

against Soviet missiles. The other is the thesis

that a large exchange of nuclear explosions

would create sooty clouds that would blot out the

sun, and thus human survival. On closer

inspection both ideas, of a “Star Wars” defense

and of a “nuclear winter,” appear increasingly

uncertain.

  • “Nuclear Winter, Star Wars”

The New York Times Dec 14, 1984, A34.

Murder in the Air and “The Inertia Projector”

Reagan starred in this 1940 film as Special Agent Brass Bancroft

“The Inertia Projector” sounds much like Reagan’s future SDI program

SDI was also partially inspired by Edward Teller

“I call upon the scientific community in our country, those who gave us nuclear weapons, to turn their great talents now to the cause of mankind and world peace, to give us the means of rendering these nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete.”

  • Ronald Reagan

Origins of the Strategic Defense Initiative

Reagan likely birthed the idea for “Star Wars” by a combination of:

  • Murder in the Air
  • NORAD Experience
  • Interactions with Teller
  • An unwavering faith in American scientists
  • His own Imagination

SDI shifted decades’ long ideas about nuclear strategy.

No longer OFFENSIVE DETERRENTS.

SDI, at least to Reagan, is truly defensive.

He later says that he wants to share this program, once it is completed, with the Soviet Union.

Soviets are confused, scared, and angry about SDI; they did not see this coming.

What does SDI Mean for Nuclear Strategy?

II. Nuclear Winter

Carl Sagan

Sagan worked on the Mariner 9 Satellite to Mars

This April 1957 edition of Astounding Science Fiction featured a story by Christopher of Anvil entitled “Torch” that shares many similarities to the nuclear winter hypothesis.

Carl Sagan was a fan of this sci-fi magazine as a child and during college.

Another possible influence on Sagan’s thinking…

It also sounds a lot like Dr. Strangelove’s “Doomsday” Shroud

Nuclear Winter Theory

In 1980 Luis Alvarez published his IMPACT THEORY: that an asteroid collision at the end of the Cretaceous period (roughly 65 million years ago) created a dust cloud massive enough to encapsulate the globe, drop temperatures, and caused the dinosaur extinction

Sagan and TTAPS conclude that during a nuclear war, the same phenomenon could happen.

In the early 1980s two other scientists publish “The Atmosphere After a Nuclear War: Twilight at Noon,” Which argues that limited nuclear attacks could create soot and ash to block sunlight.

This would make vegetation growth and food production virtually impossible.

The message was clear and grim: even in i i l i l li it d

Carl Sagan “forecasting” Nuclear Winter

Nuclear Winter was created by a number of

scientists, but by far the most prominent was

Carl Sagan

Sagan was in a unique position be the nuclear winter spokesman:

  • Best known scientist of his generation.
    • Popular rise began in the 1970s when Sagan worked with NASA on the Mariner expeditions.
    • He became a household name in the early 1980s when the lauded PBS series Cosmos ; it would become the most widely watched program in public television history.
    • The 1985 print edition of Cosmos became the most widely read scientific work in the history of the English language; Sagan earned a Pulitzer Prize.
    • Sagan appeared on the Tonight Show forty times.

Carl Sagan and

Nuclear Winter

- Sagan led the Media Campaign for Nuclear Winter.

- He endorsed the theory in television specials, books,

movies, university speeches, special congressional

hearings, and appearances on ABC’s Nightline.

- No other scientist spoke out for nuclear winter like Sagan;

arguably, no other scientist could; many were associated

with NASA or received government funding.

Carl Sagan felt that Nuclear Winter trumped established

defense logic for a number of reasons.

  1. It only took a limited nuclear exchange to trigger a nuclear winter, so an ever-increasing global nuclear arsenal was lunacy.
  2. With nuclear winter, no one side could win a nuclear war, regardless of capabilities.
  3. The only logical recourse was to drastically reduce nuclear arms—up to 99%!

Carl Sagan in his rad leather jacket.

Why SDI and not Nuclear Winter?

Both are uncertain propositions

Neither can be proven outside of an actual nuclear exchange

Look at the difference in funding: $50 Million for Nuclear Winter $1 TRILLION for SDI Look at the difference in TV Coverage: Network Television Coverage on issues of Nuclear War, 1982- 1986

Nuclear Winter "The Day After" Nuclear War-fighting SDI

ABC CBS NBC No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total Stories Time Stories Time stories Time Nuclear Winter 3 2:40 3 3:50 4 5: The Day After 5 10:40 3 7:10 2 3: Nuclear War-fighting 0 0:00 1 4:20 3 11: SDI (“Star Wars”) 152 N/A 132 N/A 153 N/A