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Three 3 phases of psychological skills
education phase: athlete recognized the importance of mental skills and how it affects performanceacquisition phase: focus is on helping the athletes' psychological skill and learn how to employ thempractice phase: goals lead to the athletes' automate psychological skills through overlearning and implement skills in practice and performance TERM 2
Sport Psychology Strategies
DEFINITION 2 Goals: goal setting is th practice of establishing a desirable objective for one's actionsimagery: is an experience that mimics a real experienceself-talk: verbilization or statements addressed to oneself for motivation or strategyy TERM 3
Goal: 3 types
DEFINITION 3 performance goal: athlete is improving or attaining personal performance standard (giving their 100% effort)process goal: specific behaviours athletes engage in throughout the performance (snapping of the wrist every time you hit the bird in badmintonoutcome goal: social comparison or competitive results (comparing results with the opponent you wanted to beat) TERM 4
Smart Goals:
DEFINITION 4 should be:specificmeasurablerealistictimelyadjustable TERM 5
Problems with goals:
DEFINITION 5 making too manynot recognizing individual differencesunderestimating timenot providing follow-ups or evaluation
Imagery
motivational imagery: emphasis on maintaining motivation throughout activity or performancecognitive imagery: emphasis on performance skills or carrying out a strategy TERM 7
5 types of imagery strategies
DEFINITION 7 general motivation and general cognitive: mastery(general), strategiesmoderate: arousalspecific motivation and specific cognitive: goals (motivation), skills (cognitive) TERM 8
Recommendations for Imagery
DEFINITION 8 include in daily routineimagery comes with practicebetter imagers have more effective imagesathletes become bette imagers over a duration of interventions TERM 9
How imagery
works:
DEFINITION 9 psychoneuromuscular theory: imagery facilitate learned motor skills b/c imagined events innervate the muscles as physical practice. It strengthens neural pathwayssymbolic learning theory: imagery functions as a coding system that helps people acquires movement patterns TERM 10
self-talk: 2 types
DEFINITION 10 motivational self-talk: using self talk to motivate oneself during a performance. mastery, arousal.activation, DRIVEinstructional self-talk: giving oneself direction, strategy development, execution of skills
Coaching Characteristics of effectiveness
coaches must be:patient, understanding, supportive, have authority, be resourceful TERM 17
coaching: motivational climate
DEFINITION 17 ego-oriented: personal success is other orientedmastery- orientedL personal success is self-reinforced TERM 18
Transformation Leadership
DEFINITION 18 idealized influence: gets followers' respect by acting ethically and morally, set a good example and instills pride in followersinspirational motivation: conveys optimism and enthusiasm and enhances followers' self-efficiency (creates confidence in others) articulates team vision that contributes to team spiritintellectual motivation: encourages followers to be creative, solve problems in innovative ways and question assumptions or think critically TERM 19
Transformation Leadership: continued
DEFINITION 19 individualized consideration: promotes individual development and addresses the unique needs and capabilities of followers TERM 20
Coaching and exercise as punishment
DEFINITION 20 punishment: the application or withdrawal of stimulus. it is then followed by a response that with decrease the likelihood of the response being repeateddiscipline: practice of training people to enforce positive behaviour or to obey rules
coaching and exercise as punishment
continued:
types of relation maltreatment: sexual, emotional, physical abuse and neglectemotional abuse involves: yelling, belittling, degrading, humiliating comments, demanding TERM 22
theories of aggression: 4 types
DEFINITION 22 intrinsic theory (catharsis hypothesis): aggression build up until needs to be expressed (through inflicting harm on another living being or though catharsis (aggression being 'blown off' thru a socially acceptable manner (sports))frustration-aggression theory: result of frustration occrured due to failure or blocked goalsfrustration does not always lead to aggression, and aggression is not always prefaced by frustration TERM 23
aggression theories continued 1
DEFINITION 23 social learning theory (SLT): explains aggression as behaviour shaped by the environment and reinforcements seen on mediasocially learned that violence and aggression are appropriate ways to handle conflictsaggression can be learned in virtually all sportsrevised frustration-aggression theory: combination of frustration aggression theory and SLT TERM 24
aggression theories continued 2
DEFINITION 24 main ideas:frustration does not always lead to aggression but can increase the likelihood of aggression by increasing anger, arousal etcincreased anger and arousal in aggression is only when socially learned cue signal that aggression is appropriate TERM 25
Hostile vs instrumental aggression
DEFINITION 25 hostile aggression: main purpose is to inflict harm for the sake of injuring the individualinstrumental aggression: primary goal is non-aggresssive, used more for tactical advantages
