Download Exam 1 BIO 141 NVCC Study Guide | 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest 2024 Version and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Exam 1 BIO 141 NVCC Study Guide |
100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest
2024 Version
study of the functions of the body parts - ✔✔physiology increase in body size without change in shape - ✔✔growth movement of substances from place to place in body fluids - ✔✔circulation change in the position of the body or a body part; motion of an internal organ - ✔✔movement study of the structure of body parts - ✔✔anatomy breakdown of food into simpler substances - ✔✔digestion obtaining oxygen, using oxygen in releasing energy from foods and removing carbon dioxide - ✔✔respiration passage of digestive products through membranes and into body fluids - ✔✔absorption (1) movement; (2) responsiveness; (3) growth; (4) reproduction; (5) respiration; (6) digestion; (7) absorption; (8) circulation; (9) assimilation; (10) excretion - ✔✔life (10 characteristics) changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms - ✔✔assimilation production of new organisms and new cells - ✔✔reproduction
reaction to a change taking place inside or outside the body - ✔✔responsiveness removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions - ✔✔excretion (1) subatomic particles; (2) atom; (3) molecule; (4) macromolecule; (5) organelle; (6) cell; (7) tissue; (8) organ; (9) organ system; (10) organism - ✔✔life (10 levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex) needed by living organisms for breathing - ✔✔atmospheric pressure (1) body temperature; (2) blood pressure measurement; (3) monitoring rate and type of pulse; (4) breathing movements - ✔✔vital signs (4) needed by living organisms to supply the energy and raw materials for the production of living matter and for the regulation of vital reactions - ✔✔food needed by living organisms to help release energy from food substances - ✔✔oxygen needed by living organisms to circulate the blood - ✔✔hydrostatic pressure needed by living organisms for breathing and to circulate the blood - ✔✔pressure needed by living organisms for 3 metabolic processes: (1) as a medium for metabolic reactions; (2) to transport substances; and (3) to regulate body temperature - ✔✔water needed by living organisms to help regulate the rates of metabolic reactions - ✔✔heat (1) water; (2) food; (3) oxygen; (4) heat; (5) pressure - ✔✔life (5 requirements) observable body functions that reflect metabolic activities essential for life - ✔✔vital signs (definition)
(1) lymphatic vessels; (2) lymph nodes; (3) thymus; (4) spleen - ✔✔lymphatic system (4 organs) (1) to produce and maintain sperm cells; (2) transfer sperm cells into the female reproductive tract - ✔✔male reproductive system (2 functions) (1) scrotum; (2) testes; (3) epididymides; (4) ductus deferentia; (5) bulbourethral glands; (6) seminal vesicles; (7) prostate - ✔✔male reproductive system (7 organs) (1) to provide the forces that cause body movement; (2) maintain posture; (3) serve as a main source of body heat - ✔✔muscular system (3 functions) muscles - ✔✔muscular system (organs) (1) to detect changes; (2) receive and interpret sensory information; (3) stimulate muscles and glands - ✔✔nervous system (3 functions (1) brain; (2) spinal cord; (3) nerves; (4) sense organs - ✔✔nervous system (4 organs) (1) integumentary system; (2) skeletal system; (3) muscular system; (4) nervous system; (5) endocrine system; (6) cardiovascular system; (7) lymphatic system; (8) digestive system; (9) respiratory system; (10) urinary system; (11) reproductive system - ✔✔organ systems of the human body (11) (1) to take in and release air; (2) to exchange gases between the air and the blood - ✔✔respiratory system (2 functions) (1) nasal cavity; (2) pharynx; (3) larynx; (4) trachea; (5) bronchi: (6) lungs - ✔✔respiratory system ( organs) (1) bones; (2) ligaments; (3) cartilages - ✔✔skeletal system (3 organs)
(1) to provide body framework; (2) protect soft tissues; (3) provide attachments for muscles; (4) produce blood cells; (5) store inorganic salts - ✔✔skeletal system (5 functions) (1) remove wastes from the blood; (2) maintain water and electrolyte balance; (3) store urine; (4) transport urine - ✔✔urinary system (4 functions) (1) kidneys; (2) ureters; (3) urinary bladder; (4) urethra - ✔✔urinary system (4 organs) houses the brain - ✔✔cranial cavity maintenance of a stable internal environment - ✔✔homeostasis contains the middle ear bones - ✔✔middle ear cavity located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by the nasal septum; several air-filled sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity - ✔✔nasal cavity maintains homeostasis; a self-regulating control mechanism that can receive information about changes away from the normal set point and cause reactions that tend to return conditions to normal - ✔✔negative feedback contains the teeth and tongue - ✔✔oral (buccal) cavity buccal cavity (synonym) - ✔✔oral cavity (synonym) contains the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves - ✔✔orbital cavity changes occur that stimulate other similar changes (as occur in blood clotting and milk production), causing short-lived movement away from the homeostatic state (normal state); some of these loops are involved in disease states - ✔✔positive feedback
(1) mediastinum; (2) diaphragm - ✔✔partitions associated with body cavities (2) membranes associated with the heart - ✔✔pericardial membranes (1) parietal pericardium; (2) visceral pericardium - ✔✔pericardial membranes (2) membranes associated with the abdomen - ✔✔peritoneal membranes (1) parietal peritoneum; (2) visceral peritoneum - ✔✔peritoneal membranes (2) membranes associated with the lungs - ✔✔pleural membranes (1) parietal pleura; (2) visceral pleura - ✔✔pleural membranes (2) membrane that covers the heart - ✔✔visceral pericardium membrane that covers the body organs in the abdomen - ✔✔visceral peritoneum membrane that covers the lungs - ✔✔visceral pleura ventral (synonym) - ✔✔anterior (synonym) means toward the front - ✔✔anterior (ventral) pertains to opposite sides - ✔✔contralateral describes parts that are more internal - ✔✔deep
means a particular body part that is farther from the trunk or farther from another specified point of reference than another part - ✔✔distal means a part is below another part, or toward the feet - ✔✔inferior pertains to the same side - ✔✔ipsilateral means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline - ✔✔lateral relates to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves; a part is medial if it is closer to this line than another part - ✔✔medial means toward the back - ✔✔posterior (dorsal) dorsal (synonym) - ✔✔posterior (synonym) describes a part the is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part - ✔✔proximal means situated near the surface - ✔✔superficial (peripheral) peripheral (synonym) - ✔✔superficial (synonym) means a part is above another part, or closer to the head - ✔✔superior (1) right upper quadranth (RUQ); (2) right lower quadranth (RLQ); (3) left upper quadranth (LUQ); (4) left lower quadranth (LLQ) - ✔✔abdomen (4 quadranths)
anatomical term for forearm - ✔✔antebrachial region anatomical term for space in front of elbow - ✔✔antecubutal region anatomical term for armpit - ✔✔axillary region anatomical term for arm - ✔✔brachial region anatomical term for cheek - ✔✔buccal region anatomical term for wrist - ✔✔carpal anatomical term for abdomen - ✔✔celiac region anatomical term for head - ✔✔cephalic region anatomical term for neck - ✔✔cervical region anatomical term for ribs - ✔✔costal region anatomical term for hip - ✔✔coxal region anatomical term for leg - ✔✔crural region elbow - ✔✔cubital region figer or toe - ✔✔digital region
back - ✔✔dorsum thigh - ✔✔femoral region forehead - ✔✔frontal region anatomical term for reproductive organs - ✔✔genital region anatomical term for buttocks - ✔✔gluteal region anatomical term for depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin) - ✔✔inguinal region groin (synonym) - ✔✔inguinal region (synonym) pelvis (synonym) - ✔✔loin (syn) anatomical term for region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis (loin) - ✔✔lumbar region breast - ✔✔mammary region chin - ✔✔mental region nose - ✔✔nasal region anatomical term for posterior region of the head - ✔✔occipital region anatomical term for mouth - ✔✔oral region
navel - ✔✔umbilical region spinal column - ✔✔vertebral region unique substance that constitutes building blocks of matter and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods - ✔✔element (1) carbon; (2) oxygen; (3) hydrogen; (4) nitrogen - ✔✔elements that make up about 96% of human body (4) anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) - ✔✔matter shows a complete list of elements - ✔✔periodic table building blocks of an element or the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element - ✔✔atom number of protons (or electrons) in an atom; i.e. for any atom, the number of protons always equals the number of electrons; this number is always indicated on the periodic table above the symbol for each element - ✔✔atomic number number of neutrons + the number of protons of an atom; this number is indicated on the periodic table below the symbol for each element - ✔✔atomic weight (1) electron transfer (ionic) reactions; (2) electron sharing (covalent) reactions - ✔✔chemical reactions ( types) 2 or more atoms of different elements in chemical combination; 4H (4 atoms) + C----- > CH4 (methane ?? a compound and a molecule) - ✔✔compound
extremely small particle with almost no weight; carries a negative electrical charge and is in constant motion around an atomic nucleus - ✔✔electron atoms with many electrons in their outermost shell ?? 6 or 7 electrons - ✔✔electron acceptors atoms with few electrons in their outermost shell ?? 1, 2, or 3 electrons - ✔✔electron donors reactions where electrons are neither lost nor gained but rather are shared by atoms in order to become stable; each atom remains electrically whole neutral atom because no electrons are dislodged - ✔✔electron sharing (covalent) reactions (1) shell 1 can hold a maximum of 2 electrons; (2) shell 2 can hold a maximum of 8 electrons; (3) shell 3 can hold a maximum of 8 electrons (for the purposes of this course) - ✔✔electron shells (3) and their maximums reactions where electrons are donated from one atom and accepted by another atom in order to become stable; occur between electron donors and electron acceptors - ✔✔electron transfer (ionic) reactions charged atoms that are formed in electron transfer (ionic) reactions - ✔✔ions have atoms with the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons; thus, isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but have different atomic masses. - ✔✔isotopes (1) calcium; (2) carbon; (3) chlorine; (4) hydrogen; (5) magnesium; (6) nitrogen; (7) oxygen; (8) phosphorus; (9) potassium; (10) sodium; (11) sulfur - ✔✔major elements of the human body (11) 2 or more atoms of the same or different elements in chemical combination; H (atom) + H (atom) ---> H (hydrogen gas ?? a molecule) - ✔✔molecule particle with about the same weight as a proton; uncharged and thus electrically neutral; found within atomic nucleus - ✔✔neutron
a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms or ions AB--- > A + B - ✔✔decomposition reaction (1) digestion of foods into their building blocks; (2) the breakdown of glycogen (a large carbohydrate molecule stored in the liver) to release glucose when blood levels start to decline - ✔✔decomposition reaction (2 examples) substances that conduct an electrical current in solution (because they contain ions) - ✔✔electrolytes any compounds formed in electron transfer reactions; (1) acids; (2) bases; (3) salts - ✔✔electrolytes ( examples) involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions; a switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made. AB + C --- > AC + B or AB + CD ---- > AD + CB - ✔✔exchange reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base, producing water and a salt: HCl + NaOH --- > H2O + NaCl - ✔✔exchange reaction (example) compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonding - ✔✔inorganic compounds (1) water; (2) salts; (3) many (but not all) acids and bases - ✔✔inorganic compounds (examples) substances that do not conduct an electrical current in solution (because they do not contain ions - ✔✔non-electrolytes any compounds formed in electron sharing reactions (1) carbohydrates; (2) lipids; (3) proteins; (4) nucleic acids - ✔✔non-electrolytes (4 examples) compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonding - ✔✔organic compounds
(1)carbohydrates; (2) lipids; (3) proteins; (4) nucleic acids - ✔✔organic compounds (4 examples) two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule; A + B --- > A - ✔✔synthesis reaction (1) growth, or the repair of worn out or damaged tissues; (2) formation of a protein by the joining of amino acids into long chains - ✔✔synthesis reaction (2 examples) blood pH is below 7.35; concentration of H+ is increased and concentration of OH- is decreased - ✔✔acidosis release hydrogen ions (protons) if dissolved in water HCl (hydrochloric acid) --- > H+ + Cl- - ✔✔acids 0 - 6.9 on pH scale - ✔✔acids (pH) blood pH is above 7.45; concentration of H+ is decreased and concentration of OH- is increased - ✔✔alkalosis accepts hydrogen ions (protons) when dissolved in water; often releases hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water; NaOH---> Na+ + OH- (the OH-, or hydroxyl ion, is an avid seeker of hydrogen ions or protons) - ✔✔base 7.1 - 14 on pH scale - ✔✔bases (pH) buffers are naturally occurring chemicals in the bloodstream; they operate in a fraction of a second to maintain constant pH - ✔✔buffer system (1) HCl + NaHCO3 --- > HCO3 + NaCl; (2) NaOH + H2CO3 --- > NaHCO3 + H2O - ✔✔buffer system ( examples)
NaOH (sodium hydroxide) - ✔✔strong base (example) 9 - 14 on pH scale - ✔✔strong bases (pH) produces equal numbers of hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions in solution H2O----- > H+ + OH- - ✔✔water (dissociation) 7.0 on pH scale - ✔✔water (pH) acid that ionizes completely, producing limited numbers of hydrogen ions (protons) - ✔✔weak acid H2CO3 - ✔✔weak acid (example) 5.1 - 6.9 on pH scale - ✔✔weak acid (pH) does not contain the OH-, or hydroxyl ion, but produces a limited seeker of hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water - ✔✔weak base HCO3- - bicarbonate ion - ✔✔weak base (example) 7.1 - 8.9 on pH scale - ✔✔weak base (pH) (1) provide energy; (2) cell structure - ✔✔carbohydrates (2 functions in human body cells) (1) monosaccharides; (2) disaccharides; (3) polysaccharides - ✔✔carbohydrates (3 examples in human body cells) monosaccharides - ✔✔carbohydrates (building blocks in human body cells)
C, H, and O; the ratio of H:O is 2:1 - ✔✔carbohydrates (composition in human body cells) a more complex molecule is formed from two simpler ones and a water molecule is lost as each bond forms; G+G+G+G+G------ > G-G-G-G-G + 4H2O - ✔✔dehydration synthesis (1) a polysaccharide is formed from several monosacharides; (2) a protein is formed from several amino acids; (3) a nucleic acid is formed from several nucleotides - ✔✔dehydration synthesis (3 examples) all 3 have formula C12H22O11: (1) maltose; (2) sucrose; (3) lactose - ✔✔disaccharide (3 examples) double sugar composed of 2 monosaccharides - ✔✔disaccharide (composition) (1) saturated fats; (2) unsaturated fats - ✔✔fats (2 types based on types of carbon bonds) the breakdown of a more complex molecule into its building blocks; a water molecule is added to each bond, the bond is broken and simpler molecules are formed; in the process water is split into an H+ and an OH-: G-G-G-G-G + 4H2O---- > G+G+G+G+G - ✔✔hydrolysis (1) a polysaccharide is broken down into several monosaccharides; (2) a protein is broken down into several amino acids; (3) a nucleic acid is broken down into several nucleotides: - ✔✔hydrolysis ( examples) (1) provide energy (secondary source); (2) cell structure - ✔✔lipids (2 functions in human body cells) (1) triglycerides; (2) phospholipids; (3) steroids - ✔✔lipids (3 examples in human body cells) (1) glycerol; (2) fatty acids; (3) phosphate groups - ✔✔lipids (3 examples in human body cells) (1) triglyceride (neutral fat); (2) phospholipids; (3) steroids - ✔✔lipids (3 types)
