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EVSC FINAL EXAM 4140 GLOBAL COASTAL CHANGE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025-2026.
Typology: Exams
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X-Axis
Y-Axis
Succession
the replacement of one community by another over time. Often progresses to a stable terminal community called the climax community.
Pioneer Species
early successional species
R-selected
K-selected
Key Points from Succession Graph
Two most diverse things in the world...
What percentage of insects are pests?
Well < 1%
First 3 Steps of the Scientific Method
Savanna
a. Mostly near the equator, more in the southern hemisphere
b. Abundant annual rainfall, but pronounced dry season
c. Trees are often widely spaced apart, with open canopy, many grasses with interspersed shrubs
d. Animals include large grazers and large predators- E.g. elephants, rhinos, wildebeests, lions
e. Human impacts- Clearing of trees and woody debris for cattle grazing- Overbrowsing by cattle increased prevalence of invasive weeds
Desert
a. Can occur at any latitude but most concentrated around 30N and 30S. Often in a "rain shadow" of large mountain
b. Deserts are dry and often hot but can be cold too! (extreme temperature fluctuations)
c. Plants include many forms, often with thorns or needles.
d. Animals include many reptiles, birds, and small mammals. Mostly nocturnal species. Fewer large animals.
e. Human Impacts- Invasive plants are displacing native vegetation in many areas
Chaparral
a. Near oceans or large seas around 40N and 40S, mostly western side of continents
b. Warm-hot dry summers, cool moist winters
c. Dominated by evergreen shrubs and sclerophyllous trees
d. Many birds and reptiles
e. High species endemism
f. Human impacts
Temperature Deciduous Forest
a. Mostly mid latitudes (about 30-50N and S)
b. Hot summers, cold winters, moderate to high precipitation
c. Closed canopy forest with four distinct layers - canopy, understory, shrub layer, ground layer.
d. Most trees are deciduous (lose their leaves)
e. Diverse animal life, especially on and below the ground layer
f. Human impacts
Temperature Grassland
a. Mid-latitudes, mostly in the interior of continents
b. Rainfall between 25-80 cm/year, not enough precipitation for forests
c. Great temperature fluctuations
d. Often associated with fire (natural or anthropogenic)
e. Plants include mostly grasses and wildflowers, some woody vegetation, especially near streams, rivers
f. Animals include large grazers- e.g bison/buffalo, pronghorn in NA
g. Human impacts
Most Common Atmospheric Gases
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Carbon dioxide (GHG-greenhouse gas)
Examples of Greenhouse Gases
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrous Oxide
Population
Those organisms of the same species that are living in the same place at the same time
Community
The group of species that occupy a given area, interacting either directly or indirectly
Ecosystem
The assemblage of all living organisms in a given area along with all the nonliving components of their environment
Types of Adaptations
Autotroph
photosynthetic (make their own food for their energy)
Heterotroph
eat foods to gain energy
Example of a primary consumer (eats an autotroph)
Limpets (mussel-like)
Ecosystem Services
Property Damage
Disrupt Food Webs
Kill native species
Economic Issues
How is Water Scarcity Caused?
Insecticide
Malathion
Herbicide
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
doing pest control by trying to minimize insecticides
Examples of IPM
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
directly manipulating the genome of an organism
