Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing - Lecture Notes | IE 5390, Exams of Engineering

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IE 5390/IE4395 Special Topic:

Environmentally Conscious (Benign)

Manufacturing

Gabi v. 4 User Manuals

for Photocopier Example

Table of Contents

1. Introduction………………………………………………………..……..

1.1 Conducting the LCA 1.2 Goal & Scope Definition: ISO 14040 1.3 Goal & Scope Definition: Using GABI

2. Photocopier LCA…………………………………………………..……...

2.1 The Final Model. 2.2 The Recycling Model 2.3 The Use Model 2.4 The Manufacturing Models

3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment………………………………………….

3.1 Screening A Balance Result 3.1.1 Mass Balance View 3.1.2 Energy View 3.2 Dominance Analysis 3.3 Characterization, Normalization and Evaluation 3.3.1 Characterization 3.3.2 Normalization 3.3.3 Evaluation

4. The GABI4 Analyst…………………………………………………… 53

4.1 Parameter Variation. 4.2 Scenario Analysis 4.3 Monte Carlo Analysis

5. Categorization………………………………………………………… 56

6. Allocation………………………………………………………………

1.1 Conducting the LCA:

Start

Modeling the System “Photocopier” Single Score Evaluation (GaBi Software)

Data collection (GaBi Software) Dominance Analysis (GaBi Software)

Modeling the Product System Screening the balanceresults (GaBi Software)

First Goal and Scope (GaBi software) Calculating the balances (GaBi Software)

End

1.2 Goal and Scope Definition: ISO 14040

The Goal definition shall unambiguously state:

1. The intended application.
2. The reason for carrying out the study and
3. The intended audience. These goals statements shall be the basis for defining the questions to be addressed by the study The Scope of a LCA describes the model of the system to be studied.

Linking the goal and scope definitions : The process of defining the scope of a study must always be directly related to the goal: The scope should be defined well enough to ensure that the breadth and depth of a study are compatible with and sufficient to address the stated goal. Scope definition is an iterative process (elements of the initially defined scope have to be reviewed and in practice often be revised). If the scope needs to be revised, ensure the definition is still directly linked to the goal. If not the goal definition must be revised. Elements of scope definition according to ISO :

• The function of the system(s);
• The functional unit;
• The system to be studied;
• The system boundaries;
• Cut-off criteria;
• The allocation procedures;
• The type of impact assessment;
• The methodology of impact assessment;
• Data requirements;
• Assumptions;
• Limitations;
• The initial data quality requirements;
• Type of critical review, if any and;
• The type and format of the report.

1.3 Goal & Scope Definition: Using GaBi

2.1 The Finial Model

The processes involved in this plan are

™ MANUFACTURING SUPERCOPY XR- ™ UTILIZATION SUPERCOPY XR- ™ END OF LIFE SUPERCOPY XR- ™ DISPOSAL TONER ™ DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING PRINTED PAPER ™ DISPOSAL DRUM

2.2 The Recycling Models

Starting with No. 6 “ DISPOSAL DRUM ”

To build the Disposal drum Recycling process plan we require:

• Drum (used) disassembly
• Diesel fuel
• Transport (long distance)
• Gas and Steam power plant
• Steel billet (electric furnace)
• Steel billet
• Waste incineration plant (municipal waste)
• Waste incineration plant (plastics)

The required process and the flows can be dragged and dropped on to the plan. If any process or flow is missing then we have to create according to the data available.

The figure below shows the details of a process that must created.

In the database manager, in category waste for recovery, right click on the right side of the DB Manager to create a new unit process. Fill in the information as shown in the screen shot above. You will need to create a new flow here called Steel scrap (St). To do so switch to the DB Manager and crate it in the flow hierarchy in the waste for recovery category. Right click and select new from the menu. Complete the new flow as shown in the figure below. Then close the new flow and switch back to your unit process to enter the new flow.

Properties of Drum (used)

Complete the plan by connecting the unit processes and fixing the Drum disassembly process to one. Fixing a processes can be done be double clicking on the process itself, and entering a “1” in the Scaling Factor box and ticking the checkbox marked Fixed.

5.1 Recycling printed paper

Details

As mentioned above create a new flow called Water (feed water) in water of the flow hierarchy

And the Properties of the Waste paper recycling are as follows:

Now creating the next plan Disposal and recycling printed paper No. 5 in Recycling

The processes we require for Disposal toner are as follows ™ Toner cartridge disassembly ™ Diesel fuel ™ Transport (long distance) ™ Waste incineration plant ™ Gas and steam power plant

Details of Toner Cartridge (Empty) Disassembly

Properties of toner cartridge (empty) disassembly

The processes we require End of Life SuperCopy XR- for are as follows

• Diesel fuel
• Transport (local)
• Thermal energy from natural gas
• Power Grid
• Drawer disassembly
• Case plastic parts
• Disassembly mechanical parts
• Electronic part disassembly
• Case metal parts disassembly
• Toner cartridge disassembly
• Plastic recycling
• Waste incineration plant (municipal waste)
• Disposal electronics scrap
• Steel billet (electric furnace)
• PC/ABS compound
• Gas and steam power plant
• Steel billet (inv).

Now we are going to create processes for all listed below

a) Drawer disassembly