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Endocrine Glands and Hormones: Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action, Schemes and Mind Maps of Physiology

University of Akron Physiology

An overview of the endocrine system, focusing on the structure and function of various endocrine glands and their major hormones. It also covers the chemical structure of hormones and the mechanisms by which they act on target organs through receptor binding.

Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps

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Endocrine Glands and the General Principles

of Hormone Action

Cai Li, Ph.D.

Assistant professor

Touchstone Center for Diabetes Research

Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine

The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Dallas, TX 75390-8854

April 6, 2002

Partial preview of the text

Download Endocrine Glands and Hormones: Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action and more Schemes and Mind Maps Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Endocrine Glands and the General Principles

of Hormone Action

Cai Li, Ph.D. Assistant professor Touchstone Center for Diabetes Research Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX 75390-8854 April 6, 2002

“Classical” Endocrine Glands

Exocrine and Endocrine Glands

Exocrine Glands and Endocrine glands Exocrine Glands:

Secrete into a duct and to the outside of a^ body surface Examples:

sweat, tear, saliva Endocrine Glands:

Secrete (hormone) into the blood^ Hormone circulates in blood and acts^ at target organs where hormone receptor^ is expressed Examples:

insulin Exocrine and Endocrine glands:

Endocrine

Exocrine

Liver:^

IGF^

Bile

Pancreas

Pancreatic juice

insulin, glucagon, PP

Mechanisms of Actions of Hormones

All hormones act by binding to their receptors •^

Some receptors are located on the cell surface ^ Polar hormones (insulin, leptin)

Some receptors are located in the cytoplasm ^ Lipophilic hormones (steroids, thyroid hormones)

Some receptors are located in the nucleus ^ Lipophilic hormones (TZDs, Fibrates)

Assay and Measurement of Hormones Bioassay Chemical assay Radioimmunoassay (1977 Nobel prize) Receptor binding assay (Scatchard plot)

[hormone] (ng/ml)

% *Hormone bound

Actions of PPAR

γ, a nuclear hormone receptor

Regulation of hormone secretion: A simple feedback loop^ ↑^ Blood glucose

β^ cells in the pancreas

↑^ Insulin secretion

↑Uptake of blood glucose

↓^ blood glucose

LiverMuscle^

Fat

Glucose

↓^

Glycogen

Triglyceride

How glucose and therapeutic drugs cause insulin secretion

Two general principles of hormone action^ Acts on cells containing the receptor^ Action is regulated by a feedback mechanism

Leptin: a new hormone from fat

Made in the adipose tissues • A polypeptide of 167 amino acids • Product is secreted into blood • Its receptor is found in many tissues • Leptin deficiency causes obesity, infertility, and many other • complications

Endocrine Glands and Hormones: Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action, Schemes and Mind Maps of Physiology

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Endocrine Glands and Hormones: Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action and more Schemes and Mind Maps Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Endocrine Glands and the General Principles

of Hormone Action

Cai Li, Ph.D. Assistant professor Touchstone Center for Diabetes Research Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX 75390-8854 April 6, 2002

“Classical” Endocrine Glands

Exocrine Glands and Endocrine glands Exocrine Glands:

Endocrine

Exocrine

Liver:^

IGF^

Bile

Pancreas

Pancreatic juice

insulin, glucagon, PP

All hormones act by binding to their receptors •^

Some receptors are located on the cell surface ^ Polar hormones (insulin, leptin)

Some receptors are located in the cytoplasm ^ Lipophilic hormones (steroids, thyroid hormones)

Some receptors are located in the nucleus ^ Lipophilic hormones (TZDs, Fibrates)

% *Hormone bound

Actions of PPAR

γ, a nuclear hormone receptor

β^ cells in the pancreas

↑^ Insulin secretion

↑Uptake of blood glucose

↓^ blood glucose

LiverMuscle^

Fat

Glucose

Glucose

↓^

Glycogen

Triglyceride

How glucose and therapeutic drugs cause insulin secretion

Leptin gene mutation in

ob/ob

mouse

R105 (CGA

→TGA)

R105 (CGA

→TGA)^167

OB-RbLongOB-Ra ShortOB-RcOB-RdOB-Re

Soluble

Some receptors are located on the cell surface ^ Polar hormones (insulin, leptin)

Some receptors are located in the cytoplasm ^ Lipophilic hormones (steroids, thyroid hormones)

Some receptors are located in the nucleus ^ Lipophilic hormones (TZDs, Fibrates)