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Edexcel A Level Biology Topic 1 Questions with solutions 2024 update How are capillaries adapted to their function? - Answer permeable walls 1 cell thick, close to every cell What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle? - Answer atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole Features of atrial systole - Answer -Atria contract, ventricles relax -Atrioventricular valves open
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How are capillaries adapted to their function? - Answer permeable walls 1 cell thick, close to every cell What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle? - Answer atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole Features of atrial systole - Answer -Atria contract, ventricles relax -Atrioventricular valves open -Blood pushed into ventricles
Features of ventricular systole - Answer -Ventricles contract , atria relax -Semilunar valves open -Blood pushed into aorta and pulmonary artery Features of cardiac diastole - Answer -Atria and ventricles relaxed -Blood returns to heart -Atria and ventricles fill features of the heart - Answer -Four chambered, sends blood to the upper and lower body. -double pump Atherosclerosis - Answer 1- Endothelium damaged or dysfunctional 2-Inflammatory response 3-Calcium salts and fibrous tissues harden, forming plaque 4-Increased blood pressure, positive feedback
Risks are UNDERESTIMATED if: - Answer -Consequences occur in the long term Cohort studies - Answer Record exposures of a large group of unaffected people throughout time Case-control study - Answer Compares a group of people with a disease to a group of people without a disease CVD risk factor: Genetics - Answer -Some alleles increase risk of CVD -Family history increases risk CVD risk factor: Diet - Answer -Too much salt increases BP -Alcohol constricts arteries, increases BP -Obesity increases risk -High in sat fat and low in unsat fat increases risk CVD risk: Blood Pressure - Answer -High BP increases risk of damaging arteries
CVD risk: Smoking - Answer -Lowers HDL -Increased heart rate and BP -Toxins damage artery lining -Increases platelet stickiness -More free radicals CVD risk: Inactivity - Answer -Exercise improves coronary circulation -Increases HDL -reduces cardiac output and increases heart rate, reducing elasticity of artery walls What is an oedema? - Answer Fluid build up in tissues causing swelling How does an oedema form? - Answer High pressure at arterial end of capillary forces lots of fluid into intercellular space. What is a calorie? - Answer the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
What bonds connect monosaccharides? - Answer Glycosidic bonds In what reactions are glycosidic bonds formed? - Answer Condensation What is glucose used for? - Answer cellular respiration What is the formula of glucose? - Answer C6H12O Is glucose a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide? - Answer monosaccharide Where does fructose come from? - Answer fruit, honey and some vegetables What is a use of fructose? - Answer Attracting animals to eat fruit, aiding seed dispersal What is the purpose of having a heart and circulation? - Answer Moving substances around the body
Why do larger organisms need a mass transport system, not an open circulatory system? - Answer Larger diffusion distances: slower transport of substances Why is water a good transport medium? (3 things) - Answer Dipole, solvent, thermal properties What is meant by a dipole molecule? - Answer One end is slightly positive and one end is slightly negative. Why is the dipole nature of water important? (2 things) - Answer Water is cohesive and flows. Good solvent How is water a good solvent? - Answer Ionic substances will be surrounded by water molecules due to dipole nature Why are the thermal properties of water so important? - Answer High specific heat capacity allows stability in organisms Which blood vessels have narrow lumen? - Answer Arteries and capillaries
What is the difference between glucose and galactose? - Answer The OH groups on carbon 1 and carbon 4 are on the opposite sides Is galactose a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide?
What type of glycosidic bond is in sucrose? - Answer 1, glycosidic bond Is sucrose a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide? - Answer Disaccharide What is the function of starch? - Answer energy storage in plants What is starch made up of? - Answer amylose and amylopectin Is starch a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide? - Answer polysaccharide What glycosidic bonds does amylose have? - Answer 1, What glycosidic bonds does amylopectin have? - Answer 1, and 1,
