Control Theories
Previously discussed theories asked why people commit crime. The methods used tried to
identify the driving forces behind a criminal’s behavior. For example, biological and
psychological theories sought to identify traits that determined criminality. Strain theories
assumed people were good, but bad things happen, which causes many to be pushed into
criminal behaviors. Learning theories demonstrated the importance of learning criminal attitudes
to commit crimes. These attitudes, especially when reinforced, will prevail in social situations.
Control theories differ in their approach. Instead of assuming criminals have “something” or
experienced “something” that drives their criminal behavior, control theories ask
why more people do not engage in illegal behavior. Control theories assume people are naturally
selfish, and if left to their own devices, will commit illegal and immoral acts. Control theories try
to identify what types of “controls” a person may have that stops them from becoming
“uncontrollable.”
Early control theorists argued that there are multiple controls on individuals. Personal controls
are exercised through reflection and following pro-social normative behavior. Social controls
originate in social institutions like family, school, and religious conventions. Toby (1957)
introduced the phrase “stakes in conformity,” which is how much a person has to lose if he or
she engages in criminal behavior.[1] The more stakes in conformity a person has, the less likely
they would be willing to commit crime. For example, a married teacher with kids has quite a bit
to lose if he or she decided to start selling drugs. If caught, he could lose his job, get divorced,
and possibly lose custody of his children. However, juveniles tend not to have kids nor are they
married. They may have a job, but indeed not a career. Since they have fewer stakes in
conformity, they would be much more likely to commit crime compared to the teacher.
Travis Hirschi is most associated with control theories. In 1969, he argued that all humans have
the propensity to commit crime, but those who have strong bonds and attachment to social
groups like family and school are less likely to commit crime. [2]Often known as social bond
theory or social control theory, Hirschi presented four elements of a social bond – attachment,
commitment, involvement, and belief. Attachment refers to affection we have towards others. If
we have strong bonds, we are more likely to care about their opinions, expectations, and support.
Attachment involves an emotional connectedness to others, especially parents, who provide
indirect control.
Parenting Exericse
Parenting can be a challenging responsibility. Fare supposed suppose to teach children how to behave.
Ideally, parents have control over their children in many ways.
What are ways parents have “direct” control over their children?
What are ways parents have “indirect” control over their children?
Commitment refers to the rational component of the social bond. If we are committed to
conformity, our actions and decisions will mirror our commitment. People invest time, energy,
and money into expected behavior like school, sports, career development, or playing a musical
instrument. These are examples of Toby’s “stakes in conformity.” If people started committing a
