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Attempts to prevent crime by changing specific conditions in the environment are the objective of ............... - ANSWERS>>> secondary crime prevention programmes. Which country focused on social and community development programmes to prevent crime? - ANSWERS>>> USA What aspects are considered as important elements of successful crime prevention? - ANSWERS>>> 1 a multidimensional approach 2 a theoretical frame of reference 3 government and community involvement What is the reason/s that a comprehensive crime prevention policy does not form part of the socioeconomic policies of African countries in the field of crime prevention? - ANSWERS>>> poverty and uneducated people What is/are the criterion/criteria used to determine whether a programme is successful in preventing crime on a global scale? - ANSWERS>>> the fear of crime has diminished and there is the feeling that crime is under control What is one of the main problems in applying the biophysical prevention model in a country like South Africa? - ANSWERS>>> basic medical services are insufficient On which factor does the psychological prevention model focus in preventing criminal behaviour? - ANSWERS>>> people's inner needs and deviations
What is/are the basic treatment techniques used by the psychological prevention model? - ANSWERS>>> psychotherapy A combination of which treatment programmes is usually employed and regarded as successful? - ANSWERS>>> biomedical, psychological and social Which factor is regarded by Shoemaker (1984) as the main reason for criminal behaviour? - ANSWERS>>> factors related to the individual himself/herself Describe the traditional or conservative model of crime prevention. - ANSWERS>>> The key issue is adherence to the law and crime control which stipulates that crime prevention should be directed at addressing potential and current violations of the law. Describe the mainstream or liberal model of crime prevention. - ANSWERS>>> The view that crime prevention is a social problem linked to individual deficits and group disadvantages with the assumption that people, rather than crime control, should be the starting point for change. describe the radical or conflict model of crime prevention. - ANSWERS>>> Crimes are seen to stem from power relations, which favour those who own and control the means of production and thus oversee the overall allocation of community resources. According to Seti (2007), local government in South Africa is expected to play a greater role in crime prevention. Identify the three correct ways in which this can be done: - ANSWERS>>> - by establishing a metropolitan and municipal police service which has the responsibility of crime prevention by providing visible policing in urban areas
- by aligning resources and objectives within a crime prevention framework, where crime and crime prevention are increasingly seen as central to the planning of all municipal departments
crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> all the methods and strategies applied by the state on the national or local level, trade and industry, and communities and individuals in order to prevent, reduce or control the extent or persistence of crime and victimhood crime control - ANSWERS>>> steps taken by the police, the courts and the department of correctional services after a crime has been committed Louw defines crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> as attempts to identify and where possible reduce the causes of and opportunities for specific crimes, as well as apply the law and reduce the fear of crime. Department of Safety and Security's 1998 draft White Paper defined crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> as all activities which reduce, deter or prevent the occurrence of specific crimes, (+) firstly by altering the environment in which they occur, (+) secondly by changing the conditions which are thought to cause them (+) thirdly by providing a strong deterrent in the form of an effective criminal justice system Primary crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> focuses on the physical and social and other factors which increase or decrease the opportunities for crime, such as environmental design, poverty and deprivation, and natural forms of security and community activities. The objective here of intervention is to alter those conditions before crime can occur. Secondary crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> focuses on individuals or groups in danger of becoming criminals. Attempts are made by specific interventions to prevent them from lapsing into crime, include improving the educational levels achieved by young people, family
therapy for families at risk, individual therapy and combating unemployment Tertiary crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> focuses on individuals who have already got criminal records, in order to prevent them from doing crime again (recidivating). This involves individual interventions such as rehabilitation, the treatment of specific problems and incapacitation Policymakers focus in general on three main categories or levels of crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> (+) the prevention of criminality (also known as social or offender-oriented crime prevention) (+) the reduction of opportunities to do crime (also known as physical milieu prevention) (+) community-based crime prevention social or offender-oriented crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> prevention of criminality physical milieu prevention - ANSWERS>>> reduction of opportunities to do crime Multidimensional crime prevention approach - ANSWERS>>> (+) Heal (+) strengthens vulnerable targets, (+) promotes socio- economic development (+) supports offenders by means of vocational training, (+) counselling and acceptance back into the community will provide the best crime prevention results. United Nations favours what kind of crime prevention approach - ANSWERS>>> integrated, coordinated crime prevention and criminal justice policy for the prevention of crime. It points out that simple, fragmented programmes cannot effectively prevent crime.
(+) adequate preventive patrolling by state and private bodies Programmes by the Comprehensive social crime prevention policy for Dealing with specific crime problems - ANSWERS>>> (+) such as housebreaking, family violence, car theft, racist crimes, crimes against children and old people Programmes by the Comprehensive social crime prevention policy for Help for the victims of crime and reducing the fear of crime - ANSWERS>>> (+) victim support services (+) self-defence actions (+) positive publicity for successful actions To render prevention measures successfully and guarantee sustainability all prevention programmes should be - ANSWERS>>> (+) be properly planned, (+) prepared, (+) implemented (+) analysed (+) cost-effective. aspects to be taken into account when planning any crime prevention programme: - ANSWERS>>> (+) socioeconomic, political and cultural context and circumstances of the community (+) the community's developmental stage, with particular reference to any changes which are or might some day be taking place (+) the special traditions and customs of the community steps for crime prevention proposed by Pease - ANSWERS>>> (+) collecting information about the crime problem, (+) analysing the data and establishing the risk of crime, (+) designing the programme in cooperation with all roleplayers, (+) implementing the programme, (+) ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the programme.
Ekblom' five-point plan for crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> (+) get information about the crime problem from various sources; (+) analyse the data in order to determine specific crime problems and risks; (+) identify appropriate prevention programmes; (+) implement the programmes; (+) evaluate their effectiveness. Hints for the successful planning and implementation of crime prevention projects according to Louw - ANSWERS>>> (+) Phase 1: Undertake a community security audit (+) Phase 2: Develop a prevention strategy (+) Phase 3: Implement and manage the strategy (+) Phase 4: Monitor and evaluate successful planning and implementation of crime prevention Phase 1: Undertake a community security audit - ANSWERS>>> (+) Identify specific crime problems by collecting information (+) Identify which bodies are already involved in crime prevention activities. (+) Analyse the physical and social features of the neighbourhood. (+) Decide which crime problems need to be prioritised. (+) Check that the causes of or factors contributing to the prioritised crimes have been correctly identified. successful planning and implementation of crime prevention Phase 2: Develop a prevention strategy - ANSWERS>>> (+) Select and group the prioritised crimes into focal areas. (+) Identify possible solutions (programmes) for the prioritised crimes. (+) Identify partners who can help with the implementation of the programmes. (+) Select and refine the most appropriate programmes.
in crime and the needs of policing three main ways to prevent crime acc to Shaftoe - ANSWERS>>> 1 using the criminal justice system (police, courts, prisons, etc) to deter people from committing crime or to remove them from circulation (CJS) 2 reducing the opportunities for crime to occur (SCP) 3 reducing the motivation to offend Types of people in regards to crime - ANSWERS>>> (+) Self- regulators (+) Rational choosers (+) Outlaws application of the CJS and situational crime prevention (SCP) are only effective for which types of people - ANSWERS>>> Rational choosers elements of a comprehensive social crime prevention programme - ANSWERS>>> (+) support for parents before and after childbirth, by health workers (+) parenting skills training and family support, by people trained in developmental psychology (+) good quality nursery and pre-school provision (+) personal, social and moral education in schools (+) adequate play and youth activities (of the type that children and young people want) (+) training and employment for useful or meaningful work (+) supported accommodation for people with particular needs or vulnerabilities (+) help to overcome or reduce the damage caused by alcohol and other drug dependencies (+) mediation and other community-based conflict resolution services Positivist criminologists - ANSWERS>>> believe that poor social and societal conditions lead to defective socialisation, inadequate personality development and insufficient
acceptance of generally held social norms and values, and can result in crime. Critical criminologists - ANSWERS>>> believe that socioeconomic development empowers and develops people to get rid of oppression and social inequalities, and that in this way it can prevent crime. social crime prevention programmes - ANSWERS>>> government policy for the development of urban and rural areas, slum clearance, better housing, education and health services, and job creation. problems with social crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> (+) crime is typical of all socioeconomic areas, although the patterns of crime can vary. (+) term "social crime prevention'' has such broad application that practically any state or local community actions can be classified under it (+) Problem communities often have problems developing or maintaining social crime prevention programmes by themselves. (+) state can hand its responsibilities over to the community without providing the necessary resources. principles of the physical milieu prevention model - ANSWERS>>> 1 Opportunities play a role in causing all crime, not just common property crime. 2 Crime opportunities are highly specific. 3 Crime opportunities are concentrated in time and space 4 Crime opportunities depend on everyday movements of activity. 5 One crime produces the opportunities for another. 6 Some products offer more tempting crime opportunities. 7 Social and technological changes produce new crime opportunities. 8 Crime can be prevented by reducing opportunities. 9 Reducing opportunities does not usually displace crime.
Community-based crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> (+) does create an impression in potential offenders that they are in danger of being caught in a particular neighbourhood. (+) It includes community organisation, protection and development. (+) entire neighbourhood must cooperate to ensure success. (+) This model enjoys support in developed and developing countries. examples of community-based crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> are neighbourhood, block and flat watches, civilian patrols, street committees, vigilante groups, safe houses, community policing, alarm systems and telephone networks. criticism of community-based crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> (+) succeeding in reducing the fear of crime, rather than crime itself, (+) seldom possible to involve the entire community, especially in places where social conditions are poor and people move a lot. (+) vigilantes and street and block committees sometimes tend to take the law into their own hands. general point of departure of the biophysical prevention model - ANSWERS>>> the early identification and treatment of young people with problem behaviour, in particular, can help to prevent crime. problems with biophysical prevention model - ANSWERS>>> (+) highly specialised and expensive (+) difficult to identify children with this kind of problem behaviour in good time, (+) in South Africa basic medical services are currently inadequate. biophysical and biomedical treatment for the prevention of behavioural problems which could lead to criminal behaviour. - ANSWERS>>> correction of physical problems, improved diet, medication and the control of harmful substances in foodstuffs and the environment
psychological prevention model - ANSWERS>>> focuses on the person's inner needs and deviations which can give rise to criminal behaviour. Interpersonal problems and faulty communication patterns between criminals and their victims, at work, in youth groups or in the family, are also being studied. Psychological treatment structures - ANSWERS>>> therapeutic treatment programmes (psychotherapy), and various techniques are used to prevent or improve behavioural and adjustment problems. problems with psychological prevention mode - ANSWERS>>> (+) expensive, (+) takes a lot of time (+) highly specialised; it is the preserve of psychiatrists, clinical psychologists and social workers. (+) hard to measure (+) research reveals contradictory results because problem individuals seldom volunteer for treatment. (+) often not based on the specific behavioural problem that led to the crime. (+) Many treatment programmes are also suitable only for certain cultural groups. three abstract models of crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> (+) traditional or conservative model of crime prevention (+) mainstream or liberal model of crime prevention (+) The radical or conflict model of crime prevention traditional or conservative model of crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> (+) basic premise is that of crime control. (+) key issue is adherence to the law, :law enforcement and crime prevention should be directed at addressing potential and current violations of the law. (+) combines elements of classical criminology theory with rational choice theory
The radical or conflict model of crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> (+) sees law and order as an area which deals with political struggle. (+) assumes that crime and criminality are historically and socially constructed and can best be understood as reflecting structural social divisions and inequalities. (+) the Marxist criminological theory; feminist criminological theory and critical criminology (+) key concept of this model is that of fundamental social change, which should address the material wellbeing, social rights and decision-making power of the majority in society. (+) biggest "crime'' is economic inequality and social and economic marginalisation. (+) Crimes are seen to stem from power relations, which favour those who own and control the means of production and thus oversee the overall allocation of community resources. (+) this model favours an approach that challenges the basis of marginalisation, social alienation and market-driven competition (+) main strategies of this model include the reduction of inequality through measures such as redistribution of community resources, reallocation of wealth and the encouragement of social empowerment by democratising all facets of community (+) Community members are seen as crucial agents of social change in their own right. (+) Crime prevention according to this perspective refers to confronting and dealing with the crimes of the powerful (+) Key issues are consciousness-raising, collective mobilisation and critique of the status quo. (+) (+) According to Seti (2007) local government in South Africa is expected to play a greater role in crime prevention in three ways. - ANSWERS>>> 1. by establishing a metropolitan and municipal police service.
- by aligning resources and objectives within a crime prevention framework where crime and crime prevention is increasingly seen as central to the planning of all municipal departments.
- through initiating targeted crime prevention programmes. Such crime prevention programmes can either be financially supported by the local government itself or through business, donor or national government funding. identifiable risk factors that contribute to high levels of crime, - ANSWERS>>> among others, poverty, unemployment, dysfunctional families where violence and parental conflict occur, a broader social culture of violence, illegal firearms, drugs, sexist, racist or other forms of oppression, degradation of urban environments and social bonds as well as inadequate surveillance of places where counterfeit goods are easy to transport or sell. the identifiable risk factors that contribute to high levels of crime highlight what 2 things about crime prevention - ANSWERS>>> (+) Firstly, that youth should be the primary focus of crime prevention as many factors that lead to crime are ones that require early intervention, which in many cases translates into the prevention of juvenile delinquency. (+) Secondly, the built environment can impact on crime and can therefore be manipulated to reduce crime levels. Social crime prevention in South Africa's major cities - ANSWERS>>> (+) Safer Cities Project (+) Not-for-profit crime prevention companies (+) Closed circuit television (CCTV) (+) Visible policing (+) Urban renewal and the City Improvement Districts (CIDs) (+) Regulating hawking and informal trade (+) Informal settlements (+) Supporting youth, families and groups at risk (+) Breaking cycles of violence (+) Socioeconomic interventions
