Download CLEMSON PKSC 1020 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+ and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
CLEMSON PKSC 1020 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS &
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
three basic forms of testing - CORRECT ANSWER >>> quality testing, environmental testing, shipping & abuse testing quality testing - CORRECT ANSWER >>> uses standard methods and machines to determine quality of materials or combo of materials (how smooth, how much water vapor transmission) environmental testing (definition) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> subjecting manufactured packages to the environment it may be exposed to in the real world or simulated real world simulations (packages fully made & approved) accelerated aging - CORRECT ANSWER >>> process of elevating conditions to speed testing
- Reaction rate doubles with every 10 degree C rise in temperature (Q10 law)
- Add temp in increments of 10 to best test for shelf life of product for over any amount of time functions of environmental testing - CORRECT ANSWER >>> involves accelerated aging, measures effects of environment on product and package and effects on product on the package during storage shock & vibration testing (transportation/distribution testing) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> how packages stand up to rigors of shipping, storage and handling, sophisticated machines used to simulate conditions (1 hour on vibration table = 100 truck miles) advantages of shock and vibration testing - CORRECT ANSWER >>> short testing time, uniformity, variability
ASTM - CORRECT ANSWER >>> American Society for Testing and Materials TAPPI - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industries FPA - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Flexible Packaging Association ABA - CORRECT ANSWER >>> American Boxboard Association ISTA - CORRECT ANSWER >>> International Safe Transit Association what do standard conditions help with? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> eliminates variables due to changes in climate or season, without them, specific climate/season package is passing in will impact the product significantly different quality tests for paper - CORRECT ANSWER >>> tensile strength & elongation, Mullen Burst test, stiffness, opacity quality tests for plastic - CORRECT ANSWER >>> gloss, haze or clarity slip, blocking, static impact fatigue flex resistance permeability testing blocking - CORRECT ANSWER >>> how much plastic sticks/slides around permeability testing - CORRECT ANSWER >>> cc/mil/100in^2 for 24 hours Mocon method for O2, CO2 and WVTR Cup method for WVTR (weighing cup w/ evaporation)
shock 17.3 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> average impact speed is ~5 mph shock 17.4 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> thicker cushion absorbs more energy and allows greater static load (more stacking/packing) shock 17.2 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> lower g-factor = more fragile item shock 17.5 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> initial shock impulse spreads out over time with a cushion (attenuation) vibration 17.6 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> sources of vibration vary from 2-50 Hz vibration 17.7 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> boxes vibrate when they match same frequency of the truck bed, creates liftoff at the top of stacks vibration 17.9 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> how an object responds to vibration output/input, amplification response compression 17.10 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> box strength reduces with increased time compression 17.14 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> overhang reduces stacking strength up to 46% compression 17.15 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> primary package becomes main support compression 17.16 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> bulged sides reduce stacking strength compression 17.17 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> multicomponent systems provides best strength
compression table 17.2 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> stacking factor (ex: box is designed to hold 50 lbs with 4 of the exact same type of box stacked above it, needs strength of 200 lbs) table 17.3 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> table of recommended stacking factors PMMI - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Packaging Machinery and Manufacturers Institute Four options for increasing line production - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - buy new state of the art equipment
- do something with existing equipment
- buy refurbished equipment
- hire a contract packager (outsourcing) page 455 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> "versatility shouldn't be purchased at the expense of line speed" linespeed - CORRECT ANSWER >>> efficiency of machinery line, number of packaged products output metric - CORRECT ANSWER >>> containers per minute (CPM) most critical part of determining linespeed - CORRECT ANSWER >>> filler, frequently used as the benchmark which all machine speeds are derived accumulators - CORRECT ANSWER >>> can improve output when put by the slowest piece of equipment, separates upstream/downstream sides of process into two subunits
vacuum fill - CORRECT ANSWER >>> seal package to filler, start vacuum, pulls product into package gravity fill - CORRECT ANSWER >>> slower than vacuum, used for products that foam a little pressure & vacuum fill - CORRECT ANSWER >>> used for thick and foamy products piston filler - CORRECT ANSWER >>> used for thick, paste products and liquids (looks like a car engine mechanism) dry product filling - CORRECT ANSWER >>> volume, weight, number count net weight fillers - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Weighs product only ex.) scales weigh product as package is formed, drops exact amount into package. gross weight fillers - CORRECT ANSWER >>> includes weight of package and product ex.) scale subtracts weight of package and adds product until it reaches given fill weight
- faster, but also has more chance of giveaway
- set scale for heaviest possible package weight so you never sell underweight (illegal) machinery 18.18 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> net weight filler lots of other types of machines - CORRECT ANSWER >>> case packer, accumulator, conveyors, unscrumblers, stretch wrapper, shrink wrapper, palletizer, case sealer/loader, form/fill/seal, cartoner, capper, gluer, taper/stapler, labeler/code marker, heat sealer, vacuum former packaging machinery definition - CORRECT ANSWER >>> uses packages but does not make them, includes code marking but doesn't include printing in general
converting - CORRECT ANSWER >>> makes the package, so converting operations not considered part of packaging machinery package design factors - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - technical & physical requirements (containment, preservation, transport, utilization)
- features/characteristics that attract & inform consumers, motivate purchase demographics - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the characteristics of a population with respect to age, race, and gender, etc psychographics - CORRECT ANSWER >>> how groups of people are motivated and how they behave 3 categories of info for graphic design - CORRECT ANSWER >>> consumer info, product info, competitive info consumer info - CORRECT ANSWER >>> relationship between product & way consumer uses it (includes preferred purchase unit, durable goods, impulse items, staple items, seasonal purchases, gift items) product info - CORRECT ANSWER >>> facts about how its used and attracts customers (includes easy opening, measuring aids, instructions, use quantities, storage method, reclining features, table packs, cautions, returnable package, special features, dispensers, disposal methods, secondary uses) competitive info - CORRECT ANSWER >>> competition your product will encounter (includes target markets, marketing strategy, package types, market share, strengths and weaknesses, unit sizes, pricing structure, sales volume
icons shape - CORRECT ANSWER >>> actual package outline size - CORRECT ANSWER >>> physical or perceptual color - CORRECT ANSWER >>> attention or mood toward product texture - CORRECT ANSWER >>> graphic patterns or textured materials tone - CORRECT ANSWER >>> lightness/darkness of colors line - CORRECT ANSWER >>> slanting/orientation of colors icons - CORRECT ANSWER >>> adds equity, can be most important features in some cases (Quaker Oats man) relief (raised image) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> flexo, letterpress, offset letterpress planographic (flat image) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> lithography or offset lithography gravure (engraved image) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> rotogravure or intaglio screen printing - CORRECT ANSWER >>> falls under category of "other methods" Mesh where image is, no mesh where it isn't
flexographic printing (halos) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> flexible printing plate and pressure, used for rough/textured surfaces offset letterpress - CORRECT ANSWER >>> hard plastic or metal plate with heavy, pasty ink, metered by series of rollers, more common for labels and tags, iron metal cans offset lithographic (smooth edges) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> litho = based on water (nonimage) and oil (image), used for paper/paperboard, packages like folding cartons and labels gravure printing (saw-tooth edge) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> web-fed, high volume jobs like labels, cartons, carton overwrap and flexible materials, engraved patterns on gravure cylinder screen printing - CORRECT ANSWER >>> used for glass bottles, t-shirts, can be wasteful of ink solvent based - CORRECT ANSWER >>> must control emissions through solvent recovery, and incineration water based - CORRECT ANSWER >>> can't be used with all printing methods or substrates yet, don't have the best adhesion to substrates UV curing - CORRECT ANSWER >>> helps drying inks, sealing to substrate Senefelder - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Which German author devised the lithographic printing process because he wanted to use a cheaper printing method for his plays? (added magnesium carbonate to ink)
decline phase - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - maintain the product, possibly rejuvenating it by adding new features and finding new uses
harvest the product, reduce costs and continue to offer it, possibly a loyal niche segment
- discontinue the product, liquidating remaining inventory, or selling it to another firm that is willing to continue the product innovation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the concept of introducing a new concept/design
- seeks to increase resource efficiency, eliminating production of waste, and reduce environmental impact through improved design and use of alternative materials
- helps boost sales in mature/decline phase of product lifecycle
- changes with consumer demands
- changes with technological developments questions that need to be asked considering innovative designs: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> How is the package used? What protection is needed? Is there a possibility for reuse and redesign? What are the appropriate materials? What are the consumer requirements? What does the law stipulate? any innovation must meet basic packaging requirements of: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> food safety, containment, protection must also consider: variety, demographics, convenience, price (the bottom line) new packaging systems can influence shoppers on 3 levels: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. Increased shelf impact/visibility
- Enhanced product perception and brand imagery
- Functionality and satisfaction
- Moisture control (silica packets, non-fogging films) Silica coated plastics - CORRECT ANSWER >>> High barrier, can be microwaved Use: Microwaveable crisping pouch self heating packages - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Iron or Limestone + water = exothermic reaction
- Used by Armed Forces for in-field heated foods
- Current example is from Pilot Gas Stations for truck drivers new design in packaging focused on sustainability: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Resource consumption
- Reduced energy consumption
- Durability of design
- Design for maintenance upgrades
- Alternative energy sources
- Weight
- Distribution channels/fuels examples of sustainable packaging - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Kraft salad dressing (reduced weight)
- Flexible cereal packaging (compostable)
- Lipstick package using renewable polymer
- UniPak Eco (first polypropylene container made of 100% recyclable materials) examples of convenience packaging - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - TetraPak's first antiseptic transparent stand-up pouch
- Labatt Breweries' self cooling beer can
- Sherwin Williams' Ready to Roll for no mess painting examples of resealable packaging - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Snack N Seal (oreo cookie box) allows for resealing, tamper evidence example of safety packaging - CORRECT ANSWER >>> color changing disposable coffee lid (bean brown when cold, turns red when hot) CFRs - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Code of Federal Regulations Book that houses details of all the laws/regulations, lists the "standards of practice" not always laws but can be upheld in court of law in lawsuit cases first laws - CORRECT ANSWER >>> not directly packaging related
- Food & Drug Law 1906
- Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act 1938 Food & Drug Law of 1906 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> First law requiring food purity Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - banned poisonous substances used in foods and tried to address "over packaging"
- important landmark but not very effective, many loopholes, amended many times Food Additives Amendment of 1958 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - First law that directly affected packaging Anything that directly or indirectly becomes part of the food, is considered an additive - includes packaging components includes 5 major provisions
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Nutritional label required
- Ingredients listed in descending order of prominence
- Name and address of company and/or distributor
- Detailed format for quantity declaration Nutritional Labeling & Education Act of 1990 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Revised 1966
- Specifies label format
- Established new dietary standards
- Defined declaration statements such as "low fat" "reduced cancer" "lite" "reduces heart disease" etc.
- Does not yet include dietary supplements Poison Prevention Act of 1970 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Significant deaths related to accidental poisoning
- Included aspirin, vitamins, furniture polish
- Child resistant packaging and warning labels
- Recently revised with new testing standards Tamper Evident Act of 1982 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Seven deaths in Tylenol-cyanide poisoning incident
- Tamper evident - not "tamper proof" or "tamper resistant"
- Required for Over the Counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals only, not required for behind the counter pharmacy drugs
Dept. of Transportation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> regulating body for distribution laws and regulations Transportation Safety Act of 1974 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Covers hazardous materials - 1990: HM181 "hazardous material" adopts global standards National Motor Freight Classification & Uniform Freight Classification - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Specify standard practices
- Their rule that specifies this is Rule 41, Item 22: specifies design, style and materials etc for shipping packages; if damage/injury occurs, when standards aren't followed, damage claims are valid (allows you to sue) two basic areas of environmental law - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. Health laws: focused at federal level
- Environmental laws: focused at state/local level Federal laws & regulations - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (RCRA)
- Clean Water Act
- Clean Air Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> deals with solid waste issues (most directly affecting packaging) Clean Water Act - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1973 law that restricted the pollution of water by industry and agriculture, ensuring leachate from landfills doesn't seep into groundwater Clean
