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Chemistry 120 chapter 1, Study notes of Chemistry

Saint Joseph's University (SJU)Chemistry

Study notes for chemistry chapter 1

Typology: Study notes

2020/2021

Uploaded on 09/22/2021

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kaylie-griffin 🇺🇸

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Chemistry Chapter 1 Study Guide
What is chemistry?
●Studies of properties and behavior of matter
●“Central science:
States of Matter
●“Classification of matter”
●Gas: no fixed volume or shape; can be expressed or expanded
●Solid: definite shape and volume
●Liquid: distinted volume but no shape
Matter
●Has mass and takes up space
●Atoms: smallest unit of matter; forms a chemical element; neutral; building blocks of
matter
●Molecules: a group of atoms bonded together; smallest unit of a chemical compound that
can take part in a chemical reaction
●Elements: at the molecular level are composed of only one kind of atom; pure substance
that contains only one type of atom
●Compounds: are substances composed of two or more elements
BP/ FP
●BP of water is 212 F, 99.7 C
●FP of water is 32 F
Law of definite proportions
●“Law of conservation of mass”; “Proust’s law”
●All samples of a given chemical compound much have same elemental composition
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Chemistry Chapter 1 Study Guide What is chemistry? ● Studies of properties and behavior of matter ● “Central science: States of Matter ● “Classification of matter” ● Gas: no fixed volume or shape; can be expressed or expanded ● Solid: definite shape and volume ● Liquid: distinted volume but no shape Matter ● Has mass and takes up space ● Atoms: smallest unit of matter; forms a chemical element; neutral; building blocks of matter ● Molecules: a group of atoms bonded together; smallest unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction ● Elements: at the molecular level are composed of only one kind of atom; pure substance that contains only one type of atom ● Compounds: are substances composed of two or more elements BP/ FP ● BP of water is 212 F, 99.7 C ● FP of water is 32 F Law of definite proportions ● “Law of conservation of mass”; “Proust’s law” ● All samples of a given chemical compound much have same elemental composition

Pure substance VS. Mixture ● Pure substance: has distinct properties and a composition that does not vary from sample to sample; can be an element or a compound ● Mixture: combinations of 2 or more substances in which each substance retains it chemical identity Classification of matter ● Homogeneous: uniform throughout ● Heterogenous: not uniform throughout Types of properties ● Physical properties: can be observed without changing a substance into another substance ○ ex : BP, FP, density, mass, volume ● Chemical properties: can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance ○ ex : flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid, toxicity ● Intensive properties: are independent of the amount of the substance that is present “scale invariant” ○ Density, BP, FP, color ● Extensive properties: dependent upon the amount of the substance present

Temperature: a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample

  • Celsius scale is based on the properties of water
  • 0 degrees celsius (freezing point) 100 degrees celsius (boiling point) Heat: the flow of energy Temp: the measure of it
  • Two things of the same temp can have different heat 0 celsius = 273 K = 32 F Kelvin (absolute) scale: based on the properties of gases
  • No neg Kelvin temperatures
  • K= C + 273. Fahrenheit scale: not used in scientific measurements
  • F = 9/5 (C) + 32
  • C = 5/9 (F-32) All molecules stop at 0 Derived units
  • Density is a physical property of a substance
  • d=m/V
  • Density won’t change when adding more of the substance SF
  • When adding or subtracting, answers are rounded to the least significant decimal place
  • When multiplying or dividing, answers are rounded to the least number of significant figures