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CHEM 1020 FINAL EXAM 2025 LATEST SPRING SUMMER SEMESTER
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY UC
(exam 1) Three physical properties shown below beside different alkane series. Which of the series is (are) lister on the order of increase (lowest to highest) for the corresponding property? a. density: C4H10 < C5H12 < C8H b. melting point: C8H18 < C5H12 < C4H c. biking point: C5H12 < C4H10 < C8H d. all are correctly ranked A; density, melting poing, and boiling point increase as chain length increases (exam 1) Draw the structural formula for 1-bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane. look at question 2 on exam 1 for answer (exam 1) What is a major difference between inorganic and organic compounds? a. there are many more inorganic compounds than organic compounds b. organic compounds contain carbon; few inorganic compounds do c. organic compounds are never ionic d. organic compounds tend to be more polar than inorganic compounds B (exam 1) When the compound 1,2-dimethylcyclopropane has CH3 on both sides pointing in the same direction, the compound is? a. cis b. trans c. either cis or trans d. neither cir nor trans A; only in a 3d shape can they be cis or trans
(exam 1) Isomers always have the same molecular formula. a. true b. false A; but different arrangements (exam 1) What type of hybridization is associated with alkyne bonding? a. sp b. sp c. sp d. sp A; sp2 - alkene, sp3 - alkane (exam 1) What conditions must be used to carry out the following reaction? 2CH3CH2CH2-OH ---> CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3 + H2O a. H2SO4, 180C b. H2SO4, 140C c. HCl d. NaOH B; 140 degrees-ether, 180 degrees-alkane (exam 1) Which of the following will react with Tollens' reagent? a. aldehyde b. ketone c. alcohol A (exam 1) Which of the following compounds would you expect to be foul smelling? a. CH3CH2CH2OH b. CH3CH2CH2SH c. CH3CH2CH2CH d. CH3CH2CH2CHO B; SH means thiol-thiols are smelly
c. glycerol d. more than one response is correct A (exam 2) a functional group present in fats is a(n) ---- a. aldehyde b. carboxylic acid c. ester d. alcohol C (worksheet 1) list the following prefixes for 1 - 10 meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, kept, oct, non, dec (worksheet 7) Where will you find a - CHO group? aldehyde (worksheet 7) Which OH group determines whether a sugar is D or L? the penultimate carbon (worksheet 7) What is a chiral carbon? C with 4 different things attached to it (worksheet 7) What is an enantiomer? a mirror image (worksheet 7) What is an anomeric carbon? carbon attached to 2 oxygens (worksheet 7) Which direction do alpha and beta point?
alpha - down beta - batter UP (exam 2 review) Which compound in the following pair would you expect to have the higher boiling point? a. Acetic acid or 1-propanol b. Propanoic acid or butanone c. Acetic acid or butyric acid a. acetic acid b. propanoic acid c. butyric acid (exam 2 review) Why are alkaloids weakly basic? because they're amines amines = weakly basics (exam 2 review) What are the four important roles of carbohydrates in living organisms? provide energy, supply carbon, store energy, structural purposes (exam 2 review) Describe uses for glucose. monosaccharide
- A hexose
- the most nutritionally important monosaccharide
- sometimes called dextrose or blood sugar.
- the compound to which other sugars absorbed into the body must be converted in the liver.
- used as a sweetener in confections and other foods. (exam 2 review) Describe uses for galactose. monosaccharide
- a hexose
- similar structure to glucose.
(exam 2 review) Describe the four general characteristics of fatty acids. straight chained carboxylic acid, 10-20 carbons, even number of carbons, saturated/unsaturated (exam 2 review) Similarities and differences in fats and oils. both triglycerides fats more saturated than oils fats solid; oils liquid organic vs. inorganic
- bond
- forces
- state
- flammability
- solubility
- conductivity
- rate of reactions
- covalent / ionic
- weak / strong
- gas or liquid / solid
- insoluble / soluble
- none / yes
- slow / fast Are there more inorganic or organic compounds? organic - 9 million inorganic - 500, isomers Compounds that have identical molecular formulas, but different arrangement of atoms. structural isomer A type of isomer in which the atoms bond in different patterns.
stereo isomers are compounds with the same structural formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms geometric isomers are molecules with restricted rotation around C-C bonds that differ in the three- dimensional arrangements of their atoms in space and not in the order of linkage of atoms saturated hydrocarbon only single bonds - alkane unsaturated hydrocarbon more than one bond - alkene, alkyne, and aromatic conformation The different arrangements of atoms in space achieved by rotation about single bonds; these are not isomers common alkane groups
- F
- Cl
- Br
- I
- NO
- NH
- Fluoro
- Chloro
- Bromo
- Iodo
- Nitro
- Amino
a double bond alkynes tripe bond aromatic alternations of bonds, ring form physical properties of alkene
- polarity
- solubility
- density
- smell Similar to alkanes Nonpolar Insoluble in water Soluble in nonpolar solvents Less dense than water is Unpleasant smell (gasoline-like) polymers are very large molecules made up of repeating units monomer is the starting material that becomes the repeating units of a polymer ethene simplest alkene, fuel for torches and in making plastics properties of alkynes
- polarity
- density Nonpolar (hydrophobic) Less dense than water is Same reactions of alkenes physical properties of aromatics
- polarity
- phobic
- solubility
- similar to alkanes/alkenes
- nonpolar
- hydrophobic
- insoluble on H2O chemical properties of aromatic compounds
- Aromatic rings are relatively stable chemically and often remain intact during reactions.
- Benzene does not react like alkenes and alkynes. alcohol has an - OH group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom. General formula: R-OH R-aliphatic (alkane, alkene, etc.) phenol has an - OH group on a benzene ring physical properties of an alcohol
- The - OH group is polar and capable of hydrogen bonding.
- This makes low molecular weight alcohols highly soluble in water.
- Larger alkanes have greater hydrophobic regions and are less soluble or insoluble in water.
- The - OH group can hydrogen bond between alcohol molecules leading to relatively high boiling points.
uses of phenols disinfectant and antioxidants in food properties of ethers
- polarity
- solubility
- melting/boiling point
- inertness
- flammability
- Much less polar than alcohols
- More soluble in water than alkanes but less soluble than alcohols
- Low melting points and boiling points because no hydrogen bonding
- Inert, do not react with most reagents ( like alkanes)
- Highly flammable what are thiols known for SH; strong, offensive smell aldehyde has at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl group. ketone has two carbons attached to the carbonyl group. what are carbonyl groups? aldehydes and ketones physical properties of carbonyl groups (ketones and aldehydes) higher boiling point than alkanes but lower than an alcohol water soluble
tollens reagent oxidizes aldehydes but not ketones; silver ions benedict reagent oxidizes aldehydes as well, but not ketones Which is more stable? cyclic hemiacetals and hemiketals or open-chains? Cyclic hemiacetals and hemiketals formaldehyde
- simplest aldehyde
- gas at room temperature
- kills microorganisms and is effective in sterilizing surgical instruments acetone
- most important of ketones
- dissolves moms organic compounds but is miscible in water progesterone and testosterone female and male sex hormones carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains are known as fatty acids physical properties of carboxylic acids
- polarity
- boiling point
- molecular weight
what forms when a secondary alcohol gets oxidized? a ketone forms what forms when a tertiary alcohol gets oxidized? nothing; they do not react what happens when a ketone gets oxidized? nothing; they do not react what happens to an aldehyde with the addition of hydrogen? a primary alcohol is produced what happens to a ketone with the addition of hydrogen? a secondary alcohol is produced what happens to an aldehyde with an addition of alcohol? forms a hemiacetal and then acetal what happens to a ketone with an addition of alcohol? forms a hemiketal and then a ketal physical properties of amine
- polarity
- boiling point
- state
- solubility
- odor
- The N-H bond is not quite as polar as the O-H bond.
- Primary and secondary amines can form hydrogen bonds between molecules.
- The hydrogen bonds are not as strong as those of alcohols, so amine boiling points are somewhat lower than those of alcohols.
- Simple, low molecular weight amines are gases at room temperature.
- Heavier, more complex compounds are liquids or solids.
- Amines can hydrogen bond with water, making smaller amine molecules (less than 6 carbon atoms) usually water soluble.
- Low molecular weight amines have a sharp, penetrating odor similar to that of ammonia.
- Some amines are partially responsible for the odor of decaying animal tissue. are amine salts more or less water soluble than plain amines? more uses of polyamides
- Three billion pounds of nylon and related polyamides are produced annually.
- 60% nylon fiber for home furnishings (e.g. carpet)
- 40% textile fiber in clothing and tire cord
- minor uses: fasteners, rope, parachutes, paintbrushes, electrical parts, medical tubing, nylon sutures
- Proteins are polyamides (e.g. silk and wool). physical properties of amides
- melting points
- state
- solubility
- basic or acidic
- Hydrogen bonding between unsubstituted amides causes them to have high melting points.
- Formamide is a liquid at room temperature.
- All other unsubstituted amides are solids at room temperature.
- Amides can form hydrogen bonds with water, making smaller amide molecules (less than 6 carbon atoms) rather water soluble
- Amides are neutral molecules (not basic nor acidic)
- is a powerful nervous system stimulant.
- is similar in structure to epinephrine.
- raises glucose level in the blood.
- increases pulse rate and blood pressure.
- are used both legally and illegally.
- have drug culture names: bennies, pep pills, reds, red devils, speed, dexies, and uppers.
- some (STP, speed, mescaline) cause hallucinations.
- when abused have severe detrimental effects on body and mind.
- are addictive and concentrate in brain and nervous system.
- produce long periods of sleeplessness, weight loss, and paranoia.
- prompt the use of other drugs to prevent the "crash" brought on by discontinuation of use. alkaloids are a class of nitrogen-containing organic compounds obtained from plants. nicotine
- alkaloid
- is found in tobacco.
- in small doses is a stimulant and not especially harmful.
- is habit-forming.
- addiction exposes habitual tobacco users to other harmful substances (tars, carbon monoxide, and polycyclic carcinogens). caffeine
- is found in coffee, cola drinks, tea, chocolate, and cocoa.
- is a mild stimulant of the respiratory and central nervous systems.
- has side effects nervousness and insomnia.
- is a mild diuretic.
- is used in pain relievers, cold remedies, diet pills, and "stay-awake" pills.
- should be prudently consumed by pregnant women because it: enters the bloodstream, crosses the placental barrier,
and reaches the fetus. quinine used to treat malaria atropine
- relax muscles
- reduce the secretion of saliva in surgical patients, and dilate the pupil of the eye in patients undergoing eye examinations. opium
- is the dried juice of the poppy plant.
- is used as painkilling drug.
- contains numerous alkaloids morphine and codeine
- are central nervous system depressants.
- exert a soothing effect on the body.
- are useful as painkillers (e.g. morphine).
- are useful to depress the action of cough center in brain (e.g. codeine in cough syrup).
- are all addictive. heroin
- is a derivative of morphine.
- is one of more destructive hard illegal drugs.
- addicts are likely to commit crimes to support their habits. functions of carbohydrates
- To provide energy through their oxidation
- To supply carbon for the synthesis of cell components
- To serve as a stored form of chemical energy
- To form a part of the structural elements of some cells and tissues
