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Definitions and terms related to the history of cell biology, from the early microscopes and discoveries of cell structures to modern concepts such as transcription and translation. Topics include the works of leeuwenhoek, hooke, schleiden, schwann, virchow, and the discovery of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, as well as cell membranes, organelles, and cellular processes.
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Bacteria and Making of glass magnifying lens TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 coined "cell" and improved the simple microscope TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 19th century TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 Nucleus and protoplasm TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 a type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen and produce a magnified image.
Eye piece, glass lenses TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 Internal view, kills specimen, can't see surface structure TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 External Structure, kills specimen, can't see internal structure TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 All plants consist of cellsAll organisms are composed of one or more cells TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 All animals consist of cellsCells are the basic living unit of all organisms
liquid found inside cells. TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 Within the cytosolTubulin, Keratin, ActinMicrotubules, Intermediate filaments, MicrofilamentsThe cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within a cell's cytoplasm and is made out of protein. Gives cell it's shape Holds organelles in place Cell movement TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 Division of labor; each can specialize If one cell dies, it can still function TERM 19
DEFINITION 19 is the tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. Contains Peptidoglycan TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer
a tail-like projection that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and propels the cell20 micro tubulesSingle naked filament of flagellin proteinEukaryotic- Whips, microtublesProkaryotic- Rotates, single naked filament of flagellum protein TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 A protein projection of a prokaryotic cell which is used to help the bacteria attach to other cells or to a host cellSingle naked filament of pilin protein TERM 23
DEFINITION 23 irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material. TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 is a component of cells that assembles the twenty specific amino acid molecules to form the particular protein molecule determined by the nucleotide sequence of an RNA molecule. TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 A DNA molecule that is separate from, and can replicate independently of, the chromosomal DNA. Information for genetic engineering
Antibiotic resistance Oil degration Pili production Toxin Production TERM 32
DEFINITION 32 It can exchange plasmids TERM 33
DEFINITION 33 Naked cyclic DNAVital information TERM 34
DEFINITION 34 VacuolesCell wallchloroplast TERM 35
DEFINITION 35 Lysosomescentrioles
Nuclear membranenucleoluslinear chromosomes TERM 37
DEFINITION 37 the combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell. Mess substance- hasn't dividedVisible when the cell is at rest from divisionGenes are active and carrying out transcription TERM 38
DEFINITION 38 an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells.Divided into rod shapesOnly visible when cell is dividing TERM 39
DEFINITION 39 Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm TERM 40
DEFINITION 40 Controls the movement of materials in and out of the cellSemi-permeable
Internal cavity of the ERWhere crude protein is dumped to become functional TERM 47
DEFINITION 47 Synthesizes and metabolizes lipidsDetoxifies effects of alcoholsteroids, hormones, lipids TERM 48
DEFINITION 48 Studded with RibosomesChemically modifies synthesized proteinsPancreas, liver, nerve cells TERM 49
DEFINITION 49 Stacked DiscsModify, sort and package proteinMuscle, liver, kidney, sperm TERM 50
DEFINITION 50 Glycoproteins needed to leave the cell are packaged into them and fused to the cell membrane
cellular organelles that contain acid hydrolase enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris. White blood cellsIf ruptures, cell breaks down; dies normal; menstrual bleeding, wrinkles dangerous; arthritis TERM 52
DEFINITION 52 the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome by phagocytes and protists. TERM 53
DEFINITION 53 breakdown peroxide from fats and contains oxidative enzymes TERM 54
DEFINITION 54 ATP production takes placeTwo lipid bilayersDNA, 70s ribosomesInner membrane is highly foldedanimal and plant cells.. muscle, sperm, heart, liver TERM 55
DEFINITION 55 Chloroplast---ChloroplastsChromoplasts---Color (pigment)Amyloplasts--- Starch
Name given to the region of a eukaryotic cell just outside the nucleus where centrioles and the MTOC are located TERM 62
DEFINITION 62 MTOC assembles them 7. Cilia & Flagella Maintenance of cell shape Centriole is composed Composed of two types of globular tubulin protein Provides strength to the cells and tissues Distribution of DNA Skinniest in diameter TERM 63
DEFINITION 63 Contains single kind of actin protein Anchored to a cell Force for movement and cell shape change Capable of assembling and disassembling Thickest in diameter TERM 64
DEFINITION 64 Reinforces areas of the cell subject to stress Fibrous protein 3.Strength to cell and tissuesMiddle in diameter TERM 65
DEFINITION 65 microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them.
Sticky polysaccharide TERM 67
DEFINITION 67 20micro tubulesMembrane around themWave like motion TERM 68
DEFINITION 68 27 Microtublesa barrel-shaped cell structure found in most animal eukaryotic cells, though it is absent in higher plants and most fungi. TERM 69
DEFINITION 69 Takes up 5-95% of cells volumeContains, Sugar, Water, Protein, Waste, Pigments (storage) TERM 70
DEFINITION 70 In lysosomal digestion, residual bodies are vesicles containing indigestible materials.
Channel between animal cells TERM 77
DEFINITION 77 Two membranesfusedinto one TERM 78
DEFINITION 78 The microtubule-organizing center is a structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge. TERM 79
DEFINITION 79 a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells. TERM 80
DEFINITION 80 Similar to the cytoplasm of a cell, the nucleus contains nucleoplasm or karyoplasm.
A nucleoprotein is any protein that is structurally associated with nucleic acid. TERM 82
DEFINITION 82 Secratory vesicle leaving the cell TERM 83
DEFINITION 83 Solid waste elimination TERM 84
DEFINITION 84 Liquid waste elimination TERM 85
DEFINITION 85 Digestion that takes place outside the cell
Passive transport means moving biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across membranes. TERM 92
DEFINITION 92 The movement of substances from a higher concentration to a lower concentration TERM 93
DEFINITION 93 the movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. TERM 94
DEFINITION 94 -Use of carrier protein-Substances to be transported across the membrane bind to the protein to change the shape of the protein so that the substance can cross the membrane-Exemplified by the way glucose can enter or exit a cell according to the concentration gradient but at a faster rate than expected-The movement of materials according to the concentration gradient TERM 95
DEFINITION 95 Channel Protein Secondary chemical messenger attach to a protein to alter the shape of the protein so that the desired substance can enter the cell faster Exemplified by when a neurotransmitter binds to a protein to alter its shape to allow a surge of Na ions into a muscle cell Movement of materials according to the concentration gradient
Exemplified by the Na, K pump Movement of materials against the concentration gradient Energy supplied by ATP Use of carrier proteins TERM 97
DEFINITION 97 Movement of materials against the concentration gradient Use of carrier protein Energy supplied by the surge of ions across the membrane the concentration gradient Surge of Na occurs across the membrane according to the concentration gradient TERM 98
DEFINITION 98 Photosynthesis is a chemical process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O TERM 99
DEFINITION 99 the theory of how mitochondria evolved TERM 100
DEFINITION 100 Exploding of a cell
