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Certified Professional Coder Coding Test, Exams of Nursing

Certified Professional Coder Coding Test

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 06/11/2024

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Certified Professional Coder Coding
Test
Coding is -
the process of translating this written or dictated fmedical record into a series
of numeric or alpha-numeric codes
Proper code assignment is determined by -
content of the medical record and by the unique rules that governs each code
set
what are 3 things that Coder must master -
1. anatomy
2. medical terminology
3. must be detail-oriented
Medical coders assign a code to what -
1. Each diagnosis
2. service/procedure
3. Supply, using the classification system when applicable
The classification system determines what -
the amount health care providers will be reimbursed if the patient is covered
by Medicare, Medicaid, or other insurance programs using the system
A coder must evaluate the medical record for -
1. completeness and accuracy
2. communicate regularly with physicians and othe health care professional to clarify
DX or obtain additonal PT info.
Techicians who speciallize in coding inpatient hospital services are referred as -
1. Health information coders
2. medical record coders
3. Coder/abstractors
4. Coding Specialist
What is MS-DRGs and what is it -
1. Medicare Severity-Diagnosis Related Groups
2. Determines the amt the hospital will be reimbursed if the PT is covered by
Medicare or other insurance programs
What is EHR -
Electronic health record
Skill coders may become -
consulatants, educators or medical auditors
What is the difference between Hospital and Physican Services -
1. Outpatient coding (physician services)- learning CPT, HCPCS, LEVEL II,
ICD-9 CM codes Volume 1 and 2
2. Inpatient coding (Hospital services)- Learning CPT, ICD-9 CM codes Volumes
1,2,3 and MS-DRGS
What is APC and who uses it -
Ambulatory Payment Classification- outpatient facility coders (physician
services
What is the coder role in a physician's office -
Extremely important to proper reimbursement and the livelihood of the
physican
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Certified Professional Coder Coding

Test

Coding is - ✔the process of translating this written or dictated fmedical record into a series of numeric or alpha-numeric codes Proper code assignment is determined by - ✔content of the medical record and by the unique rules that governs each code set what are 3 things that Coder must master - ✔1. anatomy

  1. medical terminology
  2. must be detail-oriented Medical coders assign a code to what - ✔1. Each diagnosis
  3. service/procedure
  4. Supply, using the classification system when applicable The classification system determines what - ✔the amount health care providers will be reimbursed if the patient is covered by Medicare, Medicaid, or other insurance programs using the system A coder must evaluate the medical record for - ✔1. completeness and accuracy
  5. communicate regularly with physicians and othe health care professional to clarify DX or obtain additonal PT info. Techicians who speciallize in coding inpatient hospital services are referred as - ✔1. Health information coders
  6. medical record coders
  7. Coder/abstractors
  8. Coding Specialist What is MS-DRGs and what is it - ✔1. Medicare Severity-Diagnosis Related Groups
  9. Determines the amt the hospital will be reimbursed if the PT is covered by Medicare or other insurance programs What is EHR - ✔Electronic health record Skill coders may become - ✔consulatants, educators or medical auditors What is the difference between Hospital and Physican Services - ✔1. Outpatient coding (physician services)- learning CPT, HCPCS, LEVEL II, ICD-9 CM codes Volume 1 and 2
  10. Inpatient coding (Hospital services)- Learning CPT, ICD-9 CM codes Volumes 1,2,3 and MS-DRGS What is APC and who uses it - ✔Ambulatory Payment Classification- outpatient facility coders (physician services What is the coder role in a physician's office - ✔Extremely important to proper reimbursement and the livelihood of the physican

What is a physican degree of education - ✔4 years of college, 4 years of medical school plus 3 to 5 years of residency. What is a mid-level providers and who - ✔1. Mid-level providers are know as physician extenders

  1. Physician assistants (PA) and Nurse Practitioners (NP) What are the requirement for a PA and what - ✔1. 26 1/2 month to complete
  2. Lincense to practice medicine with physician supervision NP must have - ✔A Master Degree in Nursing How many payers in the most simplest form? - ✔ 2 Private insurance plans and government insurance plans Commerical carriers are considered what - ✔Private payers that offer both group and individual plans. Private Payers contracts may - ✔Vary but may include hospitalization, basic and major medical coverage. What is the most significant government insurer - ✔Medicare What is Medicare - ✔Federal health insurance program- Administerd by the Center for Medicare &Medicaid Services (CMS) What is CMS and what does it provide - ✔Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) provides coverage for people over the age of 65, blind, or disabled individuals, people with end -stage renal disease CMS regulations often serves as ____ word in coding requirement for Medicare and Non-Medicare payers alike - ✔Last What are the parts of Medicare - ✔Medicare A Medicare B Medicare C Medicare D What is Medicare Part A - ✔Covers inpatient hospital care, as well as care provided in skilled nursing facilites, hospice care, and home health care What is Medicare Part B - ✔Covered Medically necessary doctors' services, outpatient care, other medical services (including some preventive service not covered under Medicare Part A Medicare Part B is considered what - ✔A optional benefit for which the patient must pay a premium and which generally requires a yearly copay Where is Medicare Part B usually used - ✔Physician offices (Outpatient Facility) What is Medicare Part C - ✔Combines the benefits of Medicare Part A, Part B, and sometimes Part D. What is Medicare Part C also called - ✔Medicare Advantage What is PPO -

✔to read and understand the documentation in the medical record in order to accurately code the services rendered. What are some different types of services documented in medical record - ✔Evaluation and management Operative reports X-Rays Evaluation and Management services are provided in what standard format - ✔SOAP What is SOAP - ✔S- Subjective O-Objective A- Asssessment P-Plan What is the definition of S of SOAP - ✔subjective- The patient's statment about his or her health, including symptoms What is the definition of O of SOAP - ✔objective-The provider assesses and documents the patient's illness using observation, palpation, auscultation and percussion. Test and other services performed may be documented here as well What is the definition of A of SOAP - ✔Assessment-Evaluation and conclusion made by the provider. This is usually where the diagnosis(es) for the services are found What is the definition of P of SOAP - ✔Plan-Course of Action. Here, the provider will list eh next steps for the patient, whether it is ordering additional test, or taking over the counter medication What is a operative report - ✔a document the detail of a fprocedure performed on a patient What will most operative notes have - ✔Header and Body what are some of things that operative header note might include? - ✔1. Date and time of procedure

  1. Name of surgeon, co-surgeon, assistant surgeon
  2. Typer of anethesia and anestheiology provider name
  3. Pre-operative and post-operative diagnoses
  4. Procedures performed
  5. Complications What are some of things that operative body note might include - ✔1. indication for surgery
  6. details of the procedure (s)
  7. Findings What is the approximate percentage of an operative report contains words less important to a coder? - ✔20 % What is the tasked for a coder with an operative report - ✔to break down the information and applying the correct code. What are the 5 most important Coding Tips for operative reports for a coders - ✔1. Diagnosis code reporting
  8. Start with the procedures listed
  9. Look for key words
  10. Highlight unfamiliar words
  1. Read the body What does the first coding tip mean for the operative report for a coder? - ✔Diagnosis code reporting- Use the post-operative diagnosis for coding unless there are further defined diagnoses or additional diagnoses found in the body or finding of the operative report. What does the second coding tip mean for the operative report for a coder? - ✔Start with the procedures listed- For the coder who is new to coding a procedure , one way of quickly starting the research process is by focusing on the procedures listed in the header. Read the note in its entirety to verify the procedures performed. Procedures listed in the header may not be listed correctly and procedures documented with the body of the report may not be listed in the header at all. It will help a coder with a place to start What does the third coding tip mean for the operative report for a coder? - ✔Look for key words- Key words may include locations ana anatomical structures involved, surgicial approach, procedure method, procedure type, siiz and number and the surgical instruments used during the procedure What does the fourth coding tip mean for the operative report for a coder? - ✔Highlight unfamiliar words- Words you are not familiar with should be highlighted and researched for understanding What does the fifth coding tip mean for the operative report for a coder? - ✔Ready the body- All procedure reported should be documented with the body of the report. The body may indicate a procedure was abandoned or complicated, possibly indicating the need for a different procedure code or reporting of a modifier what is medical necessity relates to - ✔whether a procedure or service is considered appropriate in a given circumstance Generally what a medically-necessary service is - ✔the least radical service/procedure that allows for effective treatment of the patient's complaint or condition Under what regulations is medically necessity found under - ✔Title XVIII 1862 (a) (1) of the Social Security Act What is the National Coverage Determinations Manual - ✔Describes whether specific medical items, services, treatment procedures or technologies can be paid under Medicare What is the difference between Covered and Non-covered items - ✔1. Covered items-services and procedures are covered only when linked to designated, approved diagnosis
  2. Non-covered items are deemed "not reasonable or necessary Medicare and many insurance plan may deny payment for a service that is - ✔not reasonable or necessary according to the Medicare reimbursement rules. What is NCD and what does it do - ✔1. National Coverage Determinations
  3. Explains when Medicare will pay for items or services What is LCD and What is it - ✔1. Local Coverage Determinations
  4. MAC is responsible for interpreting national policies into regional policies. The LCDs further define what codes are needs and when an item or service will be coved . LCD have jurisdiction only with their regional area what is MAC - ✔Medical Administrative Contractor

✔if the patient still request the procedures and services but refuses to sign a properly-presented ABN, the provider should cocument the patient's refusal. The provider and a witness should then sign the form. When is a ABN never required and WHY - ✔1. Emergency and urgent care situation

  1. CMS prohibits given an ABN to a patient who is "under duress," including patient who need Emergency Department service before stabilization What is HIPAA - ✔Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 How many Act are under HIPPA - ✔ 5 What is the important title concerning the position of a medical coder - ✔Title II-Preventing Health care Fraud and Abuse; Administrative Simplication; Medical Liability Reform What is Title II of HIPPA known as - ✔Administration Simplification Administration Simplification speaks to what - ✔the increasing use of technology in the health care industry Administration Simplification (HIPPA) address the need for - ✔1. National standards for electronic health care tranaction and code sets
  2. National unique indentifiers for providers, health plans and employers
  3. Privacy and Security of health data Who is under the covered entity - ✔1. health care providers
  4. Health plans
  5. Health care Clearinghouse Who is under the "health care providers covered entity" - ✔1. Doctors
  6. Clinics
  7. Psychologists
  8. Nursing Home
  9. Pharmacies Who is under the "Health plan covered entity - ✔1. Health Insurance Companies
  10. HMO
  11. Company Health Plans
  12. Governement programs that pay for health care, such as Medicare, Medicaid, and the military, and veterans health care programs The definition of a Health plan in the HIPPA regulations excludes - ✔any policy, plan or program that provides or pays for the cost of excepted benefits What do Excepted benefits include - ✔1. Coverage only for a ccident, or disability income insurance, or any combination thereof
  13. Coverage issued as a supplement to liability insurance
  14. Liability insurance, including general liability insurance and automobile liability insurance
  15. Worker's compensation or similar insurance
  16. Credit-only insurance
  17. Coverage for on-site medical clinics
  1. Other similar insurance coverage, specified in regulation, under which benefits for medical care are secondary or incidental to other insurance benefits what is included in the Health care clearinghouse covered enitity - ✔Entities that process nonstandard health information they receive from another entity into standard format or vice vesa Why is there a need for National Standard for Electronic Health care transaction and code set - ✔According to CMS " transactions are electronic excahanges involving transfer of information between two parties for a specific purpose. National standards for electronic health care transaction are designeed to improve the effciency and effectiveness of the health care system by standardizing the formats used for electronic transactions. What transactions are used in National Standard for Electronic care transaction and code set - ✔1. Health claims and equivalent encounter information
  2. Enrollment and disenrollment in a health plan
  3. Eligibility for a health plan
  4. Health care payment and remittance advice
  5. Health plan premium payments
  6. Health claim status
  7. Referral certification and authorization
  8. Coordination of benefits What are the Code sets that within the transactions, code sets have been designated for standard use? - ✔1. HCPCS
  9. CPT
  10. CDT
  11. ICD-9-CM
  12. NDC What is acroymn HCPCS stand for - ✔Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System What is acroymn CPT stand for - ✔Current Procedural Terminology What is acroymn CDT stand for - ✔Common Dental Terminology When will ICD-10-CM be effective - ✔October 1, 2013 What does the acroymn NDC stand for - ✔National Drug codes What does the acroymn NPI and who used it - ✔1. National Provider Indentifier
  13. indentifier for providers required on the transactions What does the acroymn EIN and who uses it - ✔1. Employer Indentification Number
  14. Issued to employers by the Internal Revenue Services (IRS) Who enforces HIPAA privacy rule - ✔OCR (Office of Civil Rights) What does the acroymn OCR stand for - ✔Office of Civil Rights What does the OCR do -

What was ARRA and HITECH promote - ✔the adoption and meaningful use of health information technology Portions of HITECH strengthen HIPAA rules by - ✔addressing the privacy and security concerns assoicated with the electronic transmission of health information HITECH has how many categories of violation - ✔Four What are the categories depending on - ✔the covered entity's level of culpability for releasing protected information and minimum and maximum penalties. HITECH lowers what for what constitutes a voliation but provides what during which any violation not due to willful neglect may be corrected without a penalty - ✔1. Lowers the Bar

  1. 30-Day window HITECH allows patients to do what - ✔1. request an audit trail showing all disclosures of their health information made through an electronic record
  2. requires an individual to be notified if there is an unauthorized disclosure or use of his or her health information What should all physician's office and health care facilities should have and actively use - ✔Compliance plan What is a compliance plan - ✔a written set of instructions outlining the process for coding and submitting accurate claims and what to do if mistakes are found. What are several benefits that a compliance plan can offer - ✔1. Faster, more accurate payment of claims
  3. Fewer billing mistakes
  4. Diminished chances of a payer audit
  5. Last chance of running a foul of self-referral and anti-kickback statutes. Increased accuracy of physician documentation in result of a compliance program actually may assist what - ✔enhancing patient care What does the acroymn OIG stand for - ✔Office of Inspector General What does the acroymn HHS - ✔Department of Health & Human Services What is the OIG - ✔a government agency tasked to protected the integrity of Department of Health & Human Services programs, as well as the health and welfare of the beneficiaries of those programs What was published in the Federal Register on October 5, 2000 - ✔The OIG Compliance Program for Individual and Small Group Physician Practice What are the Key actions of this programs - ✔1. Conduct internal monitorind and auditing throught the performance of periodic audits
  6. implement compliance and pratice standards through the development of written standards and procedures
  1. designate a compliance officer or contact (s) to monitor compliance efforts and enforce practice standards
  2. Conduct appropriate training and education on practice standards and procedures
  3. Respond appropriately to detected violation through the investigation of allegations and the disclosure of incidents to appropriate government entities
  4. Develop open lines of communication 7.Enforce diciplinary standards through well-publicized guidelines What month of each year does the OIG release a work plan outlining its priorities for the fiscal year ahead? - ✔October Prefixes often (not always) indicate what - ✔Location, Time, number Indentify the following prefix of location: Ec-, Ecto- - ✔Out; outside Indentify the following prefix of location: End/o- - ✔in; within Indentify the following prefix of location : Mes/o - ✔middle Indentify the following prefix of location : Dextr/o - ✔right Indentify the following prefix of location: Sinister/o - ✔left Indentify the following prefix of location : Ab- - ✔away from Indentify the following prefix of location: Ad- - ✔toward; near Indentifiy the following prefix of location : Dia- - ✔Through; complete Indentify the following prefix of location : Per- - ✔Through Indentify the following prefix of location : Trans- - ✔through; across Indentify the following prefix of time : Ante- - ✔before; forward Indentify the following prefix of time : Pre- - ✔Before, in front of Indentify the following prefix of time : Pro- - ✔Before, in front of Indentify the following prefix of time :Post- - ✔after, behind Indentify the following prefix of number : Mon/o - ✔one; single Indentify the following prefix of number : Bi- - ✔two, twice Indentify the following prefix of number :Tri- - ✔Three Indentify the following prefix of number : Quadri- - ✔Four Indentify the following prefix of number : Poly- - ✔Many, much

✔Toward the side of the body What does Proximal mean - ✔nearer to the point of attachment or to the given reference point what does Distal mean - ✔farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point What does Superior (cranial) mean - ✔above; toward the head What does Inferior (caudal) mean - ✔below; toward the lower end of the spine what does Superficial (external) - ✔Closer to the surface of the body What does Deep (internal) - ✔Closer to the center of the body What does Sagittal plane mean - ✔cuts through the midline of the body from the front to back and divides the body into right and left sections What does Frontal (coronal) plane mean - ✔cuts at a right angle to the midline cut , from side to side and divides the body into front (anterior) and Back (posterior) sections What does Transverse (horizontal) plane mean - ✔cuts horizontally through the body and separates the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections The structure of the human body falls into how many categories - ✔ 4 What are the categories of the human body - ✔1. Cells

  1. Tissues
  2. Organs
  3. Systems What is a cell - ✔A basic unit of all living things What are 4 components of a cell and what do they do - ✔1. cell membrane- forms the boundary of the cell
  4. cytoplasm- make up the body of the cell
  5. Nucleus- the small, round structure in the center of the cell
  6. Chromonsomes- located in the nucleus of the cell; they contain genes determining hereditary characteristics What are 4 types of tissue and what do they do - ✔1. Muscle tissue- produces movement
  7. Nerve tissue- conducts impluses to and from the brain
  8. Connective tissue - connects and supports various body structures: Adipose (fat) and osseous (bone)
  9. Epithelial tissue- found in the skin, lining of the blood vessels, respiratory, intestinal, urinary tracts, and other body systems What are Organs - ✔two or more kinds of tissue together performing special body functions What are systems - ✔a group of rogans working together to perform a complex body function What is cytology - ✔Study of cells including the formation, structure and function of cells

What does the acroymn RNA means and what does it do - ✔1. Ribonucleic acid

  1. Contained within the nucleus, is transcribed from DNA by enzymes and plays a crucial role in protein synthesis What is a gene - ✔Specific segment of base pairs in chromosomes; functional unit of heredity what is mitosis - ✔Cells divide and multipy to form two cells How many body cavities does the body have - ✔ 5 What are the 5 types of body cavities and what is in the space - ✔1. cranial cavity- inside the skull, or cranium, containing the brain
  2. Spinal (Vertebral canal)- inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord
  3. Thoraci or chest cavity- the space containing the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and thymus
  4. Abdominal cavity- the space containing the lower portion of the esophagus, the stomach, intestines (excluding the sigmoid colon and rectum) kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, splean and ureters
  5. Pelvic cavity- the space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of the large intestine, and the rectum How many types of Membranes are there in the human body - ✔ 5 what are 5 types of membranes in the human body? - ✔1. Mucous Membrane
  6. Serous Membrane
  7. Synovial Membrane
  8. Meninges What is the Mucous Membrane Composed of - ✔Epithelium overlaying a layer of connective tissue called Lamina Propria what is the job of epithelium in mucous membranes - ✔involved in absorption and secretion Where is Mucous Membrane Lined - ✔Lined the interior walls of the organs and tubes opening to the outside of the body what is the serous membrane composed of - ✔a layer of simple squamous epithelium overlaying a layer of loose connective tissue. what does the serous membrane support - ✔internal organs what does the serous membrane companrtmentalize - ✔the large vavities to hinder spread of infection what does the serous membrane line - ✔cavities including the thracic cavity and internal organs what is synovial membrane composed of - ✔connective tissue what does synovial membrane line - ✔joint cavities what does synovial membrane do - ✔1. secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity
  9. lubricates the ends of of bones so they move freely

✔the horny layers, outermost layer what is stratum lucidum composed of - ✔clear layer What is stratum Granulosum composed of - ✔Granular layer of cells What are 2 types of Granules - ✔1. Keratohyaline granules

  1. lamellated granules What is stratum Spinosum composed of - ✔composed of prickle cells What is Stratum basale composed of - ✔Deepest of the 5 layers, made of basal cells Where is the dermis located - ✔under the epidermis What are the 2 layers of strata of the dermis - ✔1. Stratum Papillare
  2. Stratum Reticulare what is stratum papillare composed of - ✔thin superficial layer interlocked with epidermis what is stratum reticulare composed of - ✔thick layer of dense, irregular connective tissue The dermis contains many important structures nourishing and innervating the skin, what are they - ✔1. Vessels carrying blood and lymph
  3. Nerves and nerve endings
  4. Glands
  5. Hair follicles what lies underneath the dermis - ✔subcutaneous layer What is another name for subcutaneous layer - ✔hypodermis subcutaneous layer is not considered - ✔a layer of skin. Subcutaneous tissue is mostly composed of - ✔fatty or adipose tissue plue some areolar tissue What is areolar tissue - ✔loose connective tissue consisting of a meshwork of collagen, elastic tissue and reticular fibers. The hypodermis serves to - ✔1. protect the underlying structures
  6. prevent loss of the body heat
  7. anchor the skin to the underlying musculature What is the fibrous connective tissue that is included in this layer - ✔superficial fascia Define cutaneous - ✔Pertaining to the skin Define dermatology - ✔the study of the skin Define dermatologist - ✔Physician specializing in diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Define Decubitus - ✔Pressure ulcer/bedsore Define Ecchymosis - ✔Condition in which blood seepss into the skin causing discoloration Define Hypodermic - ✔Pertaining to under the skin Define Intradermal - ✔Pertaining to within the skin Define Jaundice - ✔Yellowness of skin Define Melanin - ✔Pigment giving color to the skin Define Melanoma - ✔Pigmented tumor of the skin Define Pediculosis - ✔Infestation with lice Define Subcutaneous - ✔Pertaining to below the skin Define Tinea - ✔Ringworm; a fungal infection of the skin By which week does a developing fetus has its lifetime supply of hair follicles - ✔22 weeks On average a human body have how many follicles - ✔5 million where is greatest concentration of follicles - ✔head Hair on the scalp grows approximately how much per day and per year - ✔1. .3 to .4 mm/day

  1. @ 6 inches per year what are 2 structures of hair - ✔1. follicle
  2. shaft the shaft is compoosed of keratin in what 3 layers - ✔1. medulla 2 cortex
  3. cuticle Pigment cells are in what layer of the shaft - ✔cortex What layer give hair its charactertistic color - ✔medulla What is a fingernail made of - ✔keratin what does is the purpose of Keratin on the fingernail - ✔1. protective plate
  4. counterforce to the finger tip to increase sensory input of touch Nails grow all the time but the rate of growth slow with - ✔1. age
  5. poor circulation Fingernail grow at an approximate rate - ✔of 3mm per month

What are the seven classifications of bones - ✔1. Long

  1. Tubular
  2. Short
  3. seasmoid
  4. Cuboidal
  5. Flat
  6. irregular define the classification LONG of bones - ✔bones longer than they are wide and found in the limbs. The bones are named for their elongated shape, not their size. define the classification TUBULAR of bone - ✔referred to as long bones define the classification SHORT of bone - ✔Roughly cube shaped bones define the classification SESAMOID of bone - ✔a short bone formed within tendons; cartilaginous in early life and osseous in adult. What is the largest Sesamoid bone - ✔Patella Define the classification CUBOIDAL of bone - ✔referred to as short bones Define the classification of FLAT of bone - ✔Consists of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bones; Cross-section is flat not round. Flat bones have marrow but lack what - ✔bone marrow cavity Define Classification Irregular of bone - ✔Bones in the body not fitting into the above classifications mentioned. Vertebrae are considered what - ✔irregular bones What is cartilage - ✔a type of flexible connective tisssue True or Fale Cartilage is nonvascular or has no blood vessels - ✔True Cartilage is made of - ✔a matrix of chondrocytes, collagen, cells called proteoglycans depending on the type of cartilage Joint and articulating surfaces provide what - ✔a connection between two or more parts of skeleton Joints are classified accord to what - ✔the type of connective tissue at the articulating surfaces What are the 3 types of joints - ✔1. fibrous
  7. cartilaginous
  8. Synovial What are the characteristics of synovial joints - ✔1. Articular cartilage that covers the bone ends
  9. Joint cavity lined with synovial membrane
  1. Joint capsule of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and provides stability of the joint
  2. Accessory ligament that give reinforcement The human skeleton is divided in which 2 parts - ✔1. Axial
  3. Appendicular What does the axial skeleton consist of - ✔Skull, hyoid/cervical spine, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum What does the appendicular skeleton consist of - ✔shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, extremities Define Closed fracture - ✔Does not involve a break in the skin Define Compound fracture - ✔Projects throught the skin with a possibility of infection Define Comminuted Fracture - ✔Shatter affected part into bony fragments Define Transverse Fracture - ✔Breaks shaft of a bone across the longitudinal axis Define Greenstick Fracture - ✔Only one side of the shaft is broken, and other is bent. Common in children Define Spiral Fracture - ✔Spread along length of bone and produced by twisting stress Define Colles' Fracture - ✔occurs in wrisit and affects the distal radius bone Define Compression Fracture - ✔Vertebra Collapse due to trauma, tumor or osteoporosis Define Epiphyseal fracture - ✔Occurs when matrix is calcifying and chondrocytes are dying. Common in Children What are 3 types of muscles found in the body - ✔1. skeletal Muscle
  4. Cardiac Muscle
  5. Smooth Muscle What is skeletal muscle - ✔also called striated muscle, it is attached to the skeleton by tendons; contraction of skeletal muscule is under voluntary control What is Cardiac muscle - ✔also called heart muscle, it contains interlocking involuntary striated muscles as wellas smooth muscle, which allow the electrical impulses to pass quickly across the muscle fibers What is Smooth muscle - ✔Found in the walls of all the hollow organs of the body except the heart. It condtraction reduces the size of these structures; movement generally is considered Involunatry Define Ankylosis - ✔Condition of stiffening of joint Define Arthralgia - ✔pain in joint Define Arthritis - ✔inflammation of joint