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BIOL |! 1001 |! Final |! Exam |! with |!
precise |! detailed |! solutions
gene |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔unit |! of |! DNA |! that |! encodes |! info |! needed |! to |! produce |! proteins, |! cells, |! & |! entire |! organisms; can |! be |! a |! few |! hundred |! to |! many |! thousands |! of |! nucleotides |! in |! length locus |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔location |! of |! a |! gene |! on |! a |! chromosome autosomes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔non-sex |! chromosomes homologous |! chromosomes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔carry |! the |! same |! kinds |! of |! genes |! for |! the |! same |! characteristics alleles |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔alternative |! versions |! of |! genes |! found |! at |! the |! same |! gene |! locus; |! formed |! by |! mutations homozygous |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔homologous |! chromosomes |! carry |! same |! allele |! at |! gene |! locus heterozygous |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔two |! homologous |! chromosomes |! carry |! different |! alleles |! at |! given |! locus; |! also |! called |! hybrid
Punnett |! Square |! Method |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔predicts |! offspring |! genotypes |! and |! phenotypes |! from |! combinations |! of |! parental |! gametes
- |! Assign |! letters |! to |! the |! different |! alleles |! of |! the |! characteristic |! under |! consideration |! (dominant=uppercase, |! recessive=lowercase)
- |! determine |! the |! possible |! gametes |! from |! both |! parents
- |! write |! gametes |! from |! each |! parent |! along |! each |! side |! of |! 2x2 |! grid
- |! fill |! in |! genotypes |! of |! each |! pair |! of |! combined |! gametes |! in |! the |! grid
- |! determine |! genotypic |! ration |! based |! on |! outcome
- |! based |! on |! dominant |! and |! recessive |! traits, |! calculate |! predicted |! phenotype .Gregor |! Mendel |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔discovered |! patterns |! of |! inheritance |! and |! many |! essential |! facts |! about |! genes, |! alleles, |! and |! distribution |! of |! alleles |! during |! reproduction; |! used |! pea |! plants |! to |! see |! patterns |! in |! way |! plant |! characteristics |! were |! inherited why |! did |! Mendel |! use |! pea |! plants? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔has |! both |! carpel |! (female) |! and |! stamen |! (male) |! reproductive |! structures |! and |! naturally |! self- fertilize; |! was |! able |! to |! cross-fertilize pollen |! from |! stamen |! transfers |! to |! carpel key |! to |! Mendel's |! success |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔chose |! a |! simple |! design, |! studies |! one |! trait |! at |! a |! time |! and |! followed |! several |! generations ex. |! white |! vs |! purple |! flowers true |! breeding |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔homozygous |! for |! a |! characteristic
allele |! o |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔codes |! for |! nonfunctional |! enzymes |! that |! do |! not |! add |! any |! sugar |! molecules codominance |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔when |! heterozygotes |! express |! the |! phenotypes |! of |! both |! the |! homozygotes |! (both |! A |! and |! B |! glycoproteins |! in |! AB |! blood |! type) universal |! donor |! (type |! O) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔lacks |! sugars |! and |! not |! attacked |! by |! antibodies, |! makes |! A |! & |! B |! antibodies nondisjunction |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔incorrect |! separation |! of |! chromosomes |! in |! meiosis; |! causes |! gametes |! to |! have |! too |! many |! & |! too |! few |! chromosomes nucleic |! acids |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔polymers |! of |! nucleotides |! linked |! together |! by |! dehydration |! synthesis |! reactions; information |! storage |! and |! transmission genes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔units |! of |! heredity |! made |! of |! nucleic |! acid(DNA) nucleotides |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔building |! block |! molecules |! of |! nucleic |! acid; |! composed |! of |! a |! sugar, |! phosphate |! group |! and |! nitrogenous |! base nucleic |! acid |! backbone |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sugar |! and |! phosphate |! groups |! structure
pyrimidines |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nitrogenous |! bases |! characterized |! by |! a |! 6- membered |! ring |! made |! up |! of |! carbon |! and |! nitrogen |! atoms purines |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nitrogenous |! bases |! characterized |! by |! 5-membered |! ring |! fused |! to |! a |! 6-membered |! ring |! where |! both |! rings |! are |! made |! up |! of |! carbon |! and |! nitrogen |! atoms Chargaff's |! rules |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Adenine |! (A) |! = |! Thymine |! (T) Guanine |! (G) |! = |! Cytosine |! (C) Waton |! and |! Crick |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔discovered |! the |! double |! helix Human |! Genome |! Project |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔revealed |! that |! 98.5% |! of |! DNA |! serves |! no |! purpose |! and |! does |! not |! encode |! for |! mRNA |! or |! any |! other |! RNA mini-satellite |! sequences |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔single |! nucleotide |! differences |! btw |! individuals |! of |! the |! same |! species, |! account |! for |! fingerprint |! identification forensic |! DNA |! analysis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔commercially |! available |! in |! 1987; |! overturned |! over |! 200 |! rulings |! nicknamed |! "DNA |! 200" recombinant |! DNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔combination |! of |! DNA |! from |! 2 |! or |! more |! organisms |! into |! a |! single |! DNA |! molecule; |! many |! important |! proteins |! such |! as |! insulin, |! HGH, |! and |! EPO |! are |! commercially |! produced |! this |! way
leading |! strand |! synthesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA |! polymerase |! moves |! in |! the |! same |! direction |! as |! helicase, |! adds |! complimentary |! nucleotides |! in |! the |! 5' |! to |! 3' |! direction lagging |! strand |! synthesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA |! polymerase |! moves |! in |! the |! opposite |! direction |! of |! helicase proteins |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔results |! from |! the |! instructions |! given |! by |! DNA transcription |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA |! is |! synthesized |! using |! DNA |! as |! an |! instruction |! template mRNA |! (messenger |! RNA) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA |! that |! is |! synthesized |! from |! a |! gene |! coding |! for |! a |! protein; |! complimentary |! to |! DNA 4 |! bases |! of |! DNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔adenine guanine cytosine thymine 4 |! bases |! of |! RNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔adenine guanine cytosine
thymine translation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA |! directs |! the |! synthesis |! of |! a |! polypeptide |! protein; converts |! language |! of |! nucleic |! acids |! (4 |! bases)into |! language |! of |! proteins |! (20 |! amino |! acids) tRNA |! (transfer) |! and |! rRNA |! (ribosomal) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔interpreters |! btw |! nucleotide |! mRNA |! and |! amino |! acid |! proteins triplet |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔how |! many |! nucleotides |! code |! for |! one |! amino |! acid codon |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔every |! 3 |! letters |! of |! mRNA |! nucleotides how |! many |! possible |! codons |! can |! be |! many |! in |! a |! single |! DNA |! strand |! template? |!
- |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 4 |! nucleotides^3 |! codons |! = |! 64 |! possible |! codons start |! codon |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔AUG |! (codes |! for |! methionine) stop |! codons |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔UGA UAG UAA JUST |! MEAN |! STOP
ribose |! nucleotides; |! may |! move |! to |! another |! gene |! and |! begin |! transcription |! or |! rebind |! to |! the |! same |! promoter |! & |! transcribe |! the |! same |! gene |! again how |! does |! initiation |! begin? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA |! polymerase |! finds |! a |! promoter |! region |! and |! binds, |! causing |! the |! DNA |! double |! helix |! to |! unwind translation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA-directed |! synthesis |! of |! proteins |! according |! to |! the |! genetic |! message |! of |! sequential |! codons |! in |! the |! mRNA ribosome |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔where |! proteins |! are |! built; |! coordinates |! the |! pairing |! of |! tRNA |! anticodons |! w/ |! mRNA |! codons; |! composed |! of |! ribosomal |! RNA |! (rRNA) |! and |! protein P-site |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔holds |! the |! tRNA |! w/ |! the |! polypeptide |! chain |! attached A-site |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔holds |! the |! tRNA |! w/ |! the |! next |! amino |! acid |! to |! be |! added where |! does |! protein |! synthesis |! occur? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔on |! the |! ribosomes |! outside |! the |! nucleus tRNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔interpreter |! btw |! nucleotide |! language |! of |! mRNA |! & |! amino |! acid |! language |! of |! proteins; transfers |! correct |! amino |! acid |! from |! cytoplasmic |! pool |! of |! amino |! acids |! to |! ribosome |! for |! protein |! synthesis
initiation |! of |! translation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔initiation |! complex |! binds |! to |! mRNA, |! start |! codon |! of |! mRNA |! pairs |! to |! anticodon |! base |! of |! tRNA translation: |! elongation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tRNA |! occupies |! Asite |! and |! anticodon |! hydrogen |! bonds |! to |! codon |! of |! mRNA; |! peptide |! bond |! formation methionine |! from |! initiator |! tRNA |! forms |! peptide |! bond |! w/ |! amino |! acid |! on |! tRNA |! at |! Asite, |! leaves |! tRNA |! at |! Psite |! w/ |! no |! amino |! acid |! and |! tRNA |! at |! Asite |! w/ |! dipeptide |! attached translation: |! translocation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tRNA |! vacates |! Psite, |! ribosome |! moves |! one |! codon |! down |! mRNA; |! translocates |! tRNA |! (w/ |! growing |! peptide) |! from |! Asite |! to |! Psite translation: |! termination |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mRNA |! reaches |! stop |! codon |! (UAA, |! UAG, |! UGA) mutations |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔permanent |! changes |! in |! DNA |! the |! can |! involve |! large |! chromosomal |! regions |! or |! single |! nucleotide |! pair point |! mutations |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mutations |! linked |! to |! one |! or |! two |! nucleotides |! in |! a |! single |! gene |! & |! can |! affect |! the |! function |! of |! a |! protein substitution |! mutation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔replacement |! of |! one |! base |! w/ |! another
periods |! of |! time, |! small |! genetic |! differences |! accumulate |! to |! produce |! major |! transformations Principle |! 1 |! of |! Darwin/Wallace |! theory |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔individual |! members |! of |! a |! population |! are |! different |! from |! one |! another; |! variations |! arise |! by |! chance |! from |! random |! mutations |! in |! DNA |! and |! differences |! can |! be |! obvious |! in |! many |! physical |! characteristics Principle |! 2 |! of |! Darwin/Wallace |! theory |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔at |! least |! some |! differences |! between |! members |! of |! a |! population |! are |! characteristics |! that |! may |! be |! passed |! from |! parent |! to |! offspring |! (mechanism |! of |! inheritance |! not |! understood |! yet) Principle |! 3 |! of |! Darwin/Wallace |! theory |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔in |! each |! generation, |! some |! individuals |! in |! a |! population |! survive |! & |! reproduce |! successfully, |! some |! do |! not; |! observed |! that |! more |! individuals |! are |! born |! to |! survive |! than |! reproduce |! and |! some |! individuals |! have |! more |! offspring |! than |! others Principle |! 4 |! of |! Darwin/Wallace |! theory |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔natural |! selection, |! in |! competition |! to |! survive |! and |! reproduce, |! winners |! are |! determined |! not |! by |! chance |! but |! by |! the |! traits |! the |! possess natural |! selection |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔individuals |! w/ |! advantageous |! traits |! survive |! longest |! and |! produce |! the |! most |! offspring |! ; |! modifies |! populations |! over |! time |! even |! though |! it |! acts |! on |! individuals |! b/c |! the |! percentage |! of |! individuals |! inheriting |! favorable |! traits |! increases
which |! part |! of |! the |! pea |! plant |! contains |! ovaries. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔carpels how |! do |! we |! know |! that |! evolution |! occurred? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! fossils |! provide |! evidence |! of |! evolutionary |! change |! overtime
- |! comparative |! anatomy |! gives |! evidence |! of |! descent |! w/ |! modification
- |! embryological |! similarity |! suggests |! common |! ancestry
- |! modern |! genetic |! analysis |! reveal |! similarities |! in |! genes |! among |! diverse |! organisms t/f |! only |! dominant |! phenotypes |! can |! be |! described |! as |! true |! breeding |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔FALSE when |! Mendel |! crossed |! a |! true |! breeding |! purple |! and |! true |! breeding |! white, |! what |! were |! the |! results? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔all |! purple |! flowers ________ |! is |! determined |! by |! __________ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔phenotype, |! genotype in |! a |! test |! cross |! what |! type |! of |! phenotype |! is |! the |! unknown |! ALWAYS |! crossed |! with? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔recessive |! bc |! of |! known |! genotype which |! of |! the |! following |! determines |! sex |! of |! child |! in |! humans? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔male |! gamete/X |! or |! Y |! sperm is |! it |! possible |! for |! 2 |! curly |! haired |! parents |! to |! produce |! a |! wavy |! haired |! child? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔NO
one |! which |! strand |! will |! DNA |! ligase |! be |! needed? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔lagging |! strand |! ONLY complications |! occur |! when |! DNA |! ploymerase |! and |! DNA |! helicase |! are |! moving |! in... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔opposite |! directionsq transcription |! is |! the |! process |! of |! converting |! ______ |! to |! ______ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA |! to |! RNA translation |! converts |! the |! language |! of |! _____ |! to |! the |! language |! of |! _____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nucleotides |! to |! amino |! acids which |! of |! the |! following |! codons |! will |! code |! for |! an |! amino |! acid? |! UAG, |! UGA, |! UAA, |! AUG? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔AUG |! - |! start |! for |! methionine how |! many |! amino |! acids |! long |! will |! the |! protein |! be |! that |! is |! coded |! by |! AAUGUACUAAG |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 2 which |! site |! on |! the |! ribosome |! will |! be |! open |! to |! receive |! the |! next |! amino |! acid |! to |! be |! added |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Asite |! (A |! makes |! amino) (P |! makes |! protein) what |! type |! of |! bond |! is |! formed |! btw |! amino |! acids |! during |! translation? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔peptide
which |! type |! of |! point |! mutation |! generally |! has |! least |! significant |! effect |! on |! the |! protein |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔substitution where |! would |! you |! expect |! the |! oldest |! fossils |! to |! be |! found? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔deeper |! down who |! propose |! the |! theory |! of |! catastrophism |! to |! explain |! fossil |! record? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cuvier |! - |! the |! reason |! why |! there's |! no |! dinosaurs |! is |! because |! of |! a |! catastrophe according |! to |! modern |! geologists, |! how |! old |! is |! the |! Earth |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔4. |! billion |! years the |! idea |! that |! individuals |! w/ |! advantageous |! traits |! survive |! longest |! and |! produce |! most |! offspring |! is |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔natural |! selection over |! time, |! what |! does |! evolution |! actually |! change? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔populations homologous |! structures |! will |! have |! ______ |! similarities |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔anatomical(may |! not |! have |! same |! function) homologous |! structures |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔structures |! that |! have |! the |! same |! evolutionary |! origin |! despite |! their |! current |! appearance |! or |! function ex. |! bird |! and |! mammalian |! forelimbs |! - |! both |! are |! used |! for |! flying, |! swimming, |! running, |! grasping; |! have |! different |! uses |! but |! same |! anatomical |! structures
which |! of |! the |! following |! genotypes |! is |! NOT |! correct |! for |! a |! true |! breeding |! individual |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Aa for |! the |! F2 |! generation |! of |! Mendel's |! peas, |! what |! portion |! of |! the |! offspring |! could |! be |! purple |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔3/ what |! is |! the |! female |! reproductive |! structure |! of |! the |! pea |! plant |! called? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔carpel stamen-MALE/MEN T/F: |! only |! the |! dominant |! trait |! would |! be |! expressed |! for |! a |! hybrid |! individual |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔TRUE which |! trait |! arises |! form |! sex-linked |! traits? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔male |! baldness an |! individual |! w/q |! unknown |! genotype |! is |! always |! crossed |! with |! a |! ________? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔homozygous |! recessive what |! is |! the |! genotype |! of |! the |! blood |! type |! that |! is |! universal |! donor? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔oo blood |! type |! in |! an |! example |! of |! which |! of |! the |! following... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔codominance |! (AB)
which |! of |! the |! following |! does |! NOT |! make |! up |! a |! nucleotide |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔proteins made |! of |! phosphates, |! 5 |! carbon |! sugar |! and |! nitrogenous |! bases which |! of |! the |! following |! are |! purines? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔guanine |! and |! adenine |! (A |! and |! G) Chargaff's |! rules |! states |! that |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! pairs |! with |! T T/F: |! A |! and |! T |! have |! 3 |! bonds |! holding |! them |! together |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔False about |! how |! much |! of |! our |! DNA |! is |! coded? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔less |! than |! 10% which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! used |! to |! increase |! stamina |! in |! athletes? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔erythropoietin |! (EPO) |! oxygen |! in |! blood T/F: |! helicase |! synthesizes |! the |! new |! bases |! for |! new |! DNA |! strand |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔FALSE, |! DNA |! polymerase when |! DNA |! polymerase |! moves |! in |! the |! opposite |! direction |! of |! helicase, |! which |! strand |! is |! being |! synthesized |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔lagging |! strand occurs |! in |! the |! cytoplasm |! of |! the |! cell |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔translation
