Download biol 1001 exam 4 with complete detailed solutions and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
biol |! 1001 |! exam |! 4 |! with |! complete |!
detailed |! solutions
DNA |! contains |! the |! ____ |! ____ |! of |! every |! cell |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔molecular |! blueprint proteins |! are |! the |! ____ |! ____ |! of |! the |! cell |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔construction |! workers proteins |! control |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cell |! shape function reproduction synthesis |! of |! biomolecules there |! is |! a |! flow |! of |! information |! from |! ____ |! to |! _____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA; |! protein DNA |! in |! eukaryotes |! is |! kept |! in |! the |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nucleus Protein |! synthesis |! occurs |! at |! ____ |! in |! ____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ribosomes; |! cytoplasm
DNA |! infor |! is |! carried |! by |! ____ |! from |! the |! nucleus |! to |! the |! cytoplasm |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA RNA |! differs |! from |! DNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔single-stranded uses |! sugar |! ribose base |! uracil messenger |! RNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔carries |! DNA |! gene |! information |! to |! the |! ribosome single-stranded |! "intermediate |! copy" |! of |! DNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mRNA transfer |! RNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔carries |! amino |! acids |! to |! the |! ribosomes |! for |! addition |! to |! the |! growing |! protein have |! a |! "cloverlead" |! shape |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tRNA ribosomal |! RNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔part |! of |! the |! structure |! of |! ribosomes each |! ribosome |! consists |! of |! two |! subunits |! - |! one |! small |! and |! one |! large |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔rRNA genetic |! information |! is |! transcribed |! into |! ____ |! and |! then |! translated |! into |! ____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA; |! protein
- |! elongation
- |! termination transcription |! initiation |! stage |! 1 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA |! polymerase |! binds |! to |! the |! promoter |! region |! at |! the |! beginning |! of |! a |! gene transcription |! initiation |! stage |! 2 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! DNA |! molecule |! is |! unwound |! and |! strands |! are |! separated |! at |! the |! beginning |! of |! the |! gene |! sequence |! (this |! creates |! single |! strand |! regions |! of |! the |! DNA) transcription |! elongation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! generates |! a |! growing |! strand |! of |! RNA
- |! knows |! what |! to |! make |! since |! it |! "reads" |! the |! DNA |! template |! strand
- |! the |! bases |! in |! the |! newly |! synthesized |! RNA |! strand |! are |! complementary |! to |! the |! DNA |! template |! strand
- |! as |! the |! RNA |! strand |! leaves |! the |! DNA |! strands, |! the |! helix |! re-forms transcription |! termination |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! transcription |! stops |! when |! the |! RNA |! polymerase |! reaches |! the |! termination |! signal |!
- |! RNA |! polymerase |! then |! detaches |! from |! the |! DNA
- |! a |! mRNA |! sequence |! has |! been |! fully |! generated messenger |! RNA |! synthesis |! differs |! between |! ____ |! and |! ____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔prokaryotes |! and |! eukaryotes
genome |! is |! small, |! one |! circular |! chromosome |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔prokaryote have |! no |! nuclear |! membrane, |! translation |! and |! transcription |! are |! not |! separated |! in |! space |! or |! time |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔prokaryote all |! genes |! are |! "back-to-back" |! with |! no |! spacers |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔prokaryote entire |! genome |! is |! transcribed |! into |! mRNA, |! and |! then |! translated |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔prokaryote dna |! is |! in |! the |! nucleus |! and |! the |! ribosomes |! are |! in |! the |! cytoplasm |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔eukaryote genes |! are |! spaced |! out |! over |! long |! distances |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔eukaryote regions |! that |! code |! for |! a |! protein |! are |! called |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔exons spacer |! regions |! between |! genes |! are |! called |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔introns enzymes |! in |! the |! nucleus |! cut |! out |! the |! introns |! and |! splice |! together |! the |! exons |! to |! make |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mature |! mRNA more |! nucleotides |! are |! added |! at |! the |! beginning |! and |! end |! of |! the |! mRNA |! molecule, |! forming |! a |! "cap" |! and |! "tail" |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔eukaryote
a |! peptide |! bond |! is |! formed |! between |! methionine |! and |! the |! amino |! acid |! attached |! to |! the |! second |! tRNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔translation |! elongation the |! "empty" |! tRNA |! is |! released |! and |! the |! ribosome |! moves |! down |! the |! mRNA |! one |! codon |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔translation |! elongation a |! third |! tRNA, |! with |! an |! anticodon |! complementary |! to |! the |! third |! codon |! of |! the |! mRNA |! base-pairs |! with |! mRNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔translation |! elongation this |! tRNA |! attaches |! its |! amino |! acid |! to |! the |! previous |! one |! using |! a |! peptide |! bond |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔translation |! elongation translation |! termination |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔when |! the |! ribosome |! reaches |! a |! stop |! codon |! in |! the |! mRNA |! molecule, |! releasing |! factors |! cause |! it |! to |! release translation |! termination |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! completed |! peptide |! chain, |! mRNA |! and |! ribosomal |! subunits |! no |! longer |! associate |! together translation |! termination |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔there |! is |! no |! amino |! acid |! associated |! with |! the |! tRNA |! reaching |! the |! stop |! codon translation |! termination |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! sequence |! of |! amino |! acids |! (protein) |! is |! the |! resulting |! product each |! DNA |! gene |! codes |! for |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! single |! protein
____ |! produces |! an |! mRNA |! strand |! complementary |! to |! the |! DNA |! template |! strand |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔transcription the |! mRNA |! leaves |! the |! ____ |! and |! associates |! with |! a |! ____ |! in |! the |! ____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nucleus; |! ribosome; |! cytoplasm transfer |! RNAs |! in |! the |! cytoplasm |! are |! loaded |! with |! their |! appropriate |! ____ |! ____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔amino |! acids the |! ribosome |! selects |! the |! ____ |! on |! the |! basis |! of |! the |! base-pairing |! of |! the |! anticodon |! with |! the |! exposed |! mRNA |! codon |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tRNAs the |! ____ |! contains |! a |! stop |! codon |! to |! define |! where |! protein |! synthesis |! ends |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mRNA changes |! in |! the |! base |! sequence |! of |! DNA |! caused |! by |! mistakes |! during |! replication |! or |! by |! various |! environmental |! factors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mutations mutations |! fall |! into |! five |! categories |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! inversions
- |! translocations
- |! deletions
- |! insertions
- |! substitutions
result |! from |! the |! insertion |! or |! deletion |! of |! nucleotides |! within |! the |! coding |! sequence |! in |! non-multiples |! of |! 3 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔frameshift |! mutations may/may |! not |! change |! amino |! acid |! sequences |! of |! the |! proteins |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nucleotide |! substitutions |! (point |! mutations) alter |! the |! reading |! frame |! of |! the |! mRNA |! that |! is |! translated |! into |! amino |! acids |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔frameshift |! mutations the |! human |! genome |! has |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔20,000 |! to |! 25,000 |! genes in |! eukaryotic |! cells, |! transcriptional |! regulation |! occurs |! on |! at |! least |! three |! levels |!
- |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! the |! individual |! gene
- |! regions |! of |! chromosomes
- |! entire |! chromosomes biotechnology |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔modification |! of |! organisms, |! cells, |! or |! molecules |! to |! produce |! food, |! drugs, |! or |! other |! goods more |! modern |! uses |! modify |! the |! genes |! directly |! through |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔genetic |! engineering recombinant |! DNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA |! that |! has |! been |! altered |! to |! contain |! genes |! or |! portions |! of |! genes |! from |! different |! organisms
transgenic/genetically |! modified |! organisms |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔plants |! and |! animals |! that |! express |! DNA |! that |! has |! been |! modified |! or |! derived |! from |! other |! species bacteria |! pick |! up |! pieces |! of |! DNA |! from |! the |! environment |! in |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔transformation this |! DNA |! picked |! up |! in |! transformation |! could |! be |! part |! of |! a |! chromosome |! from |! another |! bacterium |! or |! tiny |! circular |! DNA |! molecules |! called |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔plasmids small |! pieces |! of |! DNA, |! not |! included |! in |! chromosomes, |! that |! may |! be |! present |! in |! bacteria |! in |! multiple |! copies |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔plasmids carry |! genes |! that |! help |! the |! bacteria |! survive |! in |! novel |! environments |! or |! where |! antibiotics |! are |! present |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔plasmids viral |! reproduction |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! attaches |! to |! specific |! molecules |! on |! the |! surface |! of |! a |! suitable |! host |! cell
- |! enters |! the |! cytoplasm |! of |! the |! host |! cell
- |! virus |! releases |! its |! genetic |! material
- |! host |! replicates |! the |! viral |! genetic |! material |! and |! synthesizes |! viral |! proteins
- |! the |! replicated |! genes |! and |! viral |! proteins |! assemble |! inside |! the |! cell
- |! new |! viruses |! are |! formed, |! which |! are |! released |! and |! may |! infect |! new |! cells
repetition |! of |! the |! cycle |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! cycle |! is |! repeated |! automatically |! (by |! a |! thermocycler |! machine) |! for |! 20-30 |! cycles, |! producing |! up |! to |! 1 |! billion |! copies |! of |! the |! original |! targeted |! DNA |! sequence gel |! electrophoresis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! technique |! used |! to |! separate |! out |! DNA |! fragments |! of |! varying |! lengths |! in |! a |! mixture can |! be |! used |! to |! identify, |! isolate, |! and |! modify |! genes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔biotechnology combine |! genes |! from |! different |! organisms |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔biotechnology move |! genes |! from |! one |! species |! to |! another |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔biotechnology three |! major |! steps |! involved |! in |! making |! GMOs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! obtain |! the |! desired |! gene
- |! clone |! the |! gene
- |! insert |! the |! gene |! into |! the |! cells |! of |! the |! host |! organism two |! common |! methods |! to |! obtain |! genes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! chromosomes |! can |! be |! isolated |! from |! cells |! of |! the |! gene |! donor
- |! dna |! fragments |! containing |! the |! desired |! gene |! can |! be |! separated |! from |! the |! rest |! of |! the |! DNA |! by |! gel |! electrophoresis
once |! the |! gene |! is |! obtained, |! it |! can |! be |! used |! to |! create |! a |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔transgenic |! organism DNA |! cloning |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! simplest |! method |! to |! generate |! various |! copies |! of |! the |! gene |! in |! large |! quantities the |! most |! common |! method |! of |! DNA |! cloning |! is |! to |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔insert |! the |! gene |! into |! a |! bacterial |! plasmid, |! which |! will |! replicate |! when |! bacteria |! containing |! plasmid |! multiply using |! ____ |! ____, |! genes |! are |! inserted |! into |! plasmids |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔restriction |! enyzmes restriction |! enzymes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔recognize |! certain |! sequences |! and |! they |! clip |! DNA |! at |! those |! certain |! sequences straight |! cuts |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔blunt |! ends staggered |! cuts |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sticky |! ends restriction |! enzymes |! are |! used |! to |! insert |! a |! gene |! into |! a |! plasmid |! by |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cutting |! the |! DNA |! on |! both |! sides |! of |! the |! gene |! and |! splitting |! open |! the |! circle |! of |! the |! plasmid
transfecting |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔inserting |! the |! gene |! into |! the |! host |! organism |! and |! having |! it |! be |! expressed |! in |! the |! appropriate |! cells, |! at |! the |! appropriate |! times |! and |! at |! the |! desired |! level the |! recombinant |! plasmids |! can |! be |! inserted |! into |! harmless |! bacteria |! or |! viruses |! called |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔vectors about |! ____% |! of |! the |! corn, |! cotton, |! and |! soybeans |! grown |! in |! the |! U.S. |! are |! transgenic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔85% globally, |! almost |! ____ |! ____ |! acres |! of |! land |! were |! planted |! with |! transgenic |! crops |! in |! 2007 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 300 |! million crop |! plants |! are |! commonly |! modified |! to |! improve |! ____ |! and |! ____ |! resistance |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔insect; |! herbicide genes |! make |! up |! less |! than |! ____ |! % |! of |! the |! total |! DNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔2% there |! are |! around |! ____ |! protein |! coding |! human |! genes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔20, restriction |! enzymes |! may |! cut |! different |! alleles |! of |! a |! gene |! at |! different |! locations, |! yielding |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔distinctive |! fragments |! characteristic |! of |! one |! allele |! or |! the |! other
restriction |! fragment |! length |! polymorphisms |! (RFLPs) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔when |! homologous |! chromosomes |! have |! different |! alleles, |! they |! may |! produce |! different |! numbers |! of |! fragments |! when |! cut |! by |! restriction |! enzymes can |! be |! detected |! and |! the |! patterns |! observed |! can |! be |! used |! to |! diagnose |! the |! presence |! or |! absence |! of |! various |! alleles |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RFLPs can |! be |! used |! in |! forensics |! to |! compare |! two |! DNA |! samples |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RFLPs method |! used |! in |! prenatal |! genetic |! screening |! where |! the |! amniotic |! fluid |! from |! a |! mother's |! uterus |! is |! collected |! and |! tested |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔amniocentesis method |! used |! in |! prenatal |! genetic |! screening |! where |! small |! parts |! of |! a |! pregnant |! woman's |! placenta |! are |! removed |! and |! tested |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔chorionic |! villus |! sampling how |! does |! genetic |! engineering |! differ |! from |! selective |! breeding? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! GE |! is |! much |! more |! rapid
- |! GE |! can |! transfer |! genes |! between |! species
- |! GE |! can |! produce |! new |! genes |! never |! seen |! before |! on |! Earth benefits |! of |! using |! genetically |! modified |! plants |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! decrease |! applications |! of |! pesticides, |! saving |! fuel, |! labor, |! and |! money
- |! can |! be |! sold |! at |! a |! lower |! price |! owing |! to |! farm |! savings
- |! potentially |! more |! nutritious
considered |! the |! forces |! of |! wind, |! water, |! earthquakes, |! and |! volcanoes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔hutton |! and |! lyell hutton |! and |! lyell |! developed |! the |! theory |! of |! uniformitarianism, |! which |! states |! that |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔geologic |! change |! resulted |! from |! slow, |! continuous |! actions |! similar |! to |! those |! at |! work |! today proposed |! that |! organisms |! evolved |! through |! the |! inheritance |! of |! acquired |! characteristics |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔lamarck theorized |! that |! organisms |! are |! modified |! during |! their |! lifetime |! through |! "use |! or |! disuse" |! of |! different |! parts |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔lamarck proposed |! that |! life's |! diverse |! forms |! arose |! through |! the |! process |! of |! descent |! with |! modification |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔darwin |! and |! wallace darwin |! and |! wallace's |! theory |! rests |! on |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔four |! postulates postulate |! one |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔variation |! in |! a |! population postulate |! two |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔some |! of |! the |! differences |! between |! members |! of |! a |! population |! are |! due |! to |! inherited |! characteristics postulate |! three |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔differential |! survival |! and |! reproduction |! in |! each |! generation
postulate |! four |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔individuals |! with |! advantageous |! traits |! survive |! longest |! and |! leave |! the |! most |! offspring, |! a |! process |! known |! as |! natural |! selection four |! main |! lines |! of |! evidence |! that |! support |! evolution |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! fossils |! provide |! evidence |! of |! evolutionary |! change |! over |! time
- |! comparative |! anatomy |! gives |! evidence |! of |! descent |! with |! modification |!
- |! embryological |! similarity |! suggests |! common |! ancestry
- |! modern |! biochemical |! and |! genetic |! analyses |! reveal |! relatedness |! among |! diverse |! organisms homologous |! structures |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔structures |! with |! the |! same |! evolutionary |! origin |! despite |! their |! current |! appearance |! or |! function result |! of |! divergent |! evolution |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔homologous |! structures analogous |! structures |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔structures |! similar |! in |! appearance |! but |! differ |! in |! their |! evolutionary |! origin result |! of |! convergent |! evolution |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔analogous |! structures example: |! bird |! and |! mammalian |! forelimbs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔homologous |! structure
