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BIO 669 QUIZ 5 EXAM (NEW 2024/
2025 UPDATE) QUESTIONS & VERIFIED
ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT
what happens when the lungs lose elasticity? - ANS ✓compliance goes up and allows for easier expansion, but leads to reduced recoil into a smaller space (increasing chest space and air way volume) Where is airway resistance the highest? - ANS ✓in nasal passages what has the second highest airway resistance? - ANS ✓pharynx what occurs to the body with widespread acidemia or widespread insufficiency? - ANS ✓increased bronchi constriction= more difficult to breath and need to increase respiratory effort IE. COPD patient gasping for air and fighting harder to breath. what are the 4 steps of ventilation of the lungs? - ANS ✓1. ventilation of air in and out of lungs
- diffusion of oxygen from alveoli out into the capillary blood
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- perfusion of systemic capillaries with O2 blood
- diffusion of O2 from systemic capillaries into the cell. What is barometric pressure? - ANS ✓measure of pressure of all the mixture of gases on a given chamber (aside from water pressure) what do you have more of, perfusion of ventilation? - ANS ✓perfusion How is saturation determined? - ANS ✓the average of O2 that is binded to the over all hemoglobin what happens to saturation when pressure rises? - ANS ✓it rises. what are examples of interactions that decrease the affinity in the binding of O2 to hemoglobin? - ANS ✓increased H+ ion, drop in pH, high CO2, increased temp, 23 DPG where is 23 DPG made? - ANS ✓the Liver What is a right shift? - ANS ✓the offloading of hemoglobin in the decrease in affinity for O
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decreased surface area b/c lack of alveoli elasticity causing them to merge into each other= the less surface area the less gas exchange and respiration= decreased ability to oxygenate blood. What is dyspnea? - ANS ✓difficulty breathing- very subjective What is orthopnea? What is it associated with? - ANS ✓dyspnea while lying down associated with heart failure due to the pressure on the diaphragm from abdominal contents what is proximal nocturnal dyspnea? - ANS ✓pulmonary disease caused by cardiac disease that leads to waking up at night gasping for air or just having difficulty breath that then wakes you up what can cause proximal nocturnal dyspnea? - ANS ✓cardiac disease or pulmonary disease why do nonsmokers have a chronic cough? - ANS ✓because of... postnasal drainage (seasonal allergy) or respiratory infection that does not clear up congestive heart failure or pneumonia.
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why do smokers have chronic coughs? - ANS ✓because or... cellular paralysis damage to their respiratory tract (smoke inhalation) possible lung cancer What is haemoptysis? Causes? - ANS ✓Coughing up blood-tinged sputum due to damage in air way, burst aneurysm or something that is causing bleeding in the airway. What is Kussmaul breathing? - ANS ✓rapid, deep, labored breathing causing very high tidal volumes because you are breathing in deeply, but having no expiratory pause What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations? - ANS ✓alternating deep and shallow breathing, breathing often stops for period of apnea then starting again what does cheyne-stokes often lead to? - ANS ✓brain stem hypoxia What can hypoventilation cause? - ANS ✓hypercapnia due to CO2 retention what does hyperventilation cause? - ANS ✓hypocapnia because you are removing CO2 faster than it can be made
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what happens when you have a widespread lack of ventilation? - ANS ✓since the blood has nowhere to shunt the blood, it can cause right to left shunting which can lead to increased CO2 retention and decreased oxygenation what are signs of acute respiratory failure? - ANS ✓PA O2 less than 60, PCO greater than 50 and a pH less than or equal to 7.5= acidosis. increased carbon dioxide, decreased oxygenation= no able to properly exchange gas hypercapnia's typically indicates? - ANS ✓ventilatory problems hypoxemia typically indicates? - ANS ✓inadequate exchange ie fibrosis or edema what are examples of chest wall restriction? - ANS ✓depressed sternum, damage to ribs, obesity What is flail chest? - ANS ✓It is a life-threatening condition that involves two or more fractures of adjacent ribs - This causes a flail segment to move in the opposite direction of the other ribs, causing compression of the expanded lung and expansion when you are expiring= decreased resp ability
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What is a pneumothorax? - ANS ✓air in the pleural space that is caused by rupture of the visceral and/or the parietal pleura what is an open pneumothorax? - ANS ✓where lung is free to recoil and shrink due to loss of vacuum and pressure within the pleural cavity What is a tension pneumothorax? - ANS ✓air can enter the pleural space but cannot exit not allowing the lung to recoil and shrink. intern puts more pressure on the lung itself. what is a primary pneumothorax? - ANS ✓spontaneous caused by a bleb or an expanded alveolus or acini unit that has ruptured, possibly damaging pleura. what is a secondary pneumothorax? - ANS ✓caused by some other region being spontaneous or occurs due to something aside from being spontaneous. Ie. Rib fracture that punctures lung. What is pleural effusion? - ANS ✓accumulation of fluid in the pleural space what is a transudative fusion? - ANS ✓fluid shift from the vascular compartment into the pleural compartment usually serous= minimal proteins
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What is atelectasis? - ANS ✓compression or collapse of alveoli What is bronchiectasis and what causes it? - ANS ✓Abnormal, permanent dilation or expansion of the bronchi and destruction of bronchial walls due to immune cells- cytokines destroy elastic tissue. Due to bronchial injury from recurrent or severe infections/inflammation What is bronchiolitis? - ANS ✓a common cause of ER visits for children under 2 years, but can happen to anyone (less severe in adults) destruction of bronchioles /blockage of alveoli= increased overall resistance and decreased compliance what are symptoms of bronchiolitis? - ANS ✓wheezing, tachypnea, sometime tachycardia bronchiolitis in adults with chronic bronchitis is often associated with ________ and ______. - ANS ✓viral infection and inhalation of toxic gases
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what are symptoms of adult bronchiolitis and chronic bronchitis? - ANS ✓atelectasis, increased respiration effort, tachycardia, hyperinflation, air trapping due to edema, increased mucus, and increased blockage what is pulmonary fibrosis? - ANS ✓alveolar capillary membrane destruction and damage leading to decreased compliance= decreased O2 diffusion leading to hypoxemia (not hypercapnia b/c CO2 is able to cross membrane) what occurs with inhalation damage of toxic gases? - ANS ✓ciliary paralysis/ dysfunction, increased mucus production and decreased mucus removal= increased edema which can decrease surfactant What is pneumoconiosis? - ANS ✓damage to alveoli due to inhalation of inorganic particles leading to fibrosis and ciliary dysfunction, mucus, reduced surfactant, and reduced O2 transport ie. silica, asbestos, coal dust. what is allergic alveolitis? - ANS ✓reaction of inflammation due to allergy (hypersensitivity) that causes an increase in vascular permeability and increased vasodilation.
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due to decreased compliance and fibrosis=increased work of breathing, decreased tidal volume, and hypoventilation= hypercapnia- respiratory acidosis respiratory failure, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, and death. what are common signs and symptoms of obstructive lung disease? - ANS ✓air trapping, dyspnea, increased work or breathing decreased forces expiratory volume and wheezing. becomes worse with expiration what are examples of obstructive disorders? - ANS ✓asthma, COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis What is pluses paradoxus? - ANS ✓when you have a drop in BP (systolic pressure) during inspiratory that is greater than 10 mmHg typically associated with asthma What is trypsin? - ANS ✓an enzyme that breaks down proteins also helps remodel the tissue what does alpha 1 antitrypsin do? - ANS ✓prevents over remodeling and destruction from trypsin
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what happens when you lack alpha 1 antitrypsin? - ANS ✓you have an increased remodeling of the tissue and damage leading to COPD how do smokers or pollution cause COPD? - ANS ✓you develop inflammation in the airways causing inflammatory cells to infiltrate the cell walls by releasing cytokines. because of this, the immune cells are activated to cause damage through the increase in protein breakdown or protease activity causing an decrease in elastin and airway changes/ alveoli merge causing decreased surface area= decreased ability to exchange gas leading to dyspnea and hypoxia weakness in bronchioles and respiratory ducts causing air trapping=larger chest cavity, resetting if function residual capacity= decrease in expiratory reserve what can irritants cause with chronic bronchitis? - ANS ✓increased mucus and mucus glands, impaired ciliary function=mucus gets trapped, diminishing luminal diameter What is emphysema? - ANS ✓The permanent abnormal enlargement of the gas exchange airway What does emphysema cause? - ANS ✓The destruction of the alveoli (one large alveolus) - less gas exchange takes place.
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What is tuberculosis? - ANS ✓highly contagious, an infectious bacterial disease characterized by the growth of nodules (tubercles) in the tissues, especially the lungs. how does tuberculosis invade the immune system? - ANS ✓difficult to phagocytize due to outer coating that. prevents digestive enzyme from breaking it down. = inability to clear infection What are tubercles? - ANS ✓granuloma that is walled off with fibrosis surrounding it isolating the infectious area. they then end up getting caseous necrosis and damage cells but do not eradicate the infection. what happens if you carry TB? - ANS ✓if healthy TB goes into remission and does not damage once it is isolated. if immunocompromised or become immunocompromised (Ie. HIV, corticosteroids, run down), infection will prevent or reoccur. what does the tuberculin skin test do? - ANS ✓shows evidence of tuberculosis so that it can be treated as best as it can. once positive will always be positive.
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What is the BCG vaccine? - ANS ✓in complete vaccine that fights against TB but does not fully prevent TB (common in UK) increased prevention method. once given TB test will always show positive What is cavitation? - ANS ✓when the abscess wall bursts leading contents into bronchus and a cavity being formed where the abscess once was. What is consolidation? - ANS ✓fluid or exudate debris in the acini, respiratory bronchus and passages= dull sound in breath, hypoxemia, and V/Q mismatch (decreased ventilation or if ventilation exceeds a very LOW V/Q)= hypoxia depending on area What is an abscess? - ANS ✓circumscribed area of suppuration (pus) and destruction of lung parenchyma what is a pulmonary embolus? - ANS ✓A blockage of the pulmonary artery and the branches away from the artery.
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what are the mean pulmonary pressures? - ANS ✓5-10 mmHg above normal, or 20-20+ mmHg what are causes of pulmonary hypertension? - ANS ✓left-heart disease- backing up of venous pressure, artery pressure b/c pressure in right ventricle COPD- leads to hypoxia, chronic acidosis= vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels b/c V/Q mismatch: pulmonary embolism or damage / other diseases to the pulmonary vasculature how do you decreased pulmonary artery pressure? - ANS ✓increase ventilation and oxygenation what if you can not decrease pulmonary artery pressure? - ANS ✓becomes a progressive condition where fibrosis and hypertrophy of the smooth muscle layer for the pulmonary arteries occur= permanent hypertension what does chronic pulmonary hypertension do? - ANS ✓increases workload of right side of heart, leading to dilation and then right sided heart failure= Cor pulmonale What is cor pulmonale? - ANS ✓abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of increased workload due to pulmonary hypertension.
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What is the conducting airways? - ANS ✓The mechanical act of having airflow into and out of the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles. Do not participate in gas exchange Components: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and nonrespiratory bronchioles. What is respiratory airways? - ANS ✓Actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the membrane Components: Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli what are type 1 alveolar cells? - ANS ✓structural- help allow for exchange across the membrane what are type 2 alveolar cells? - ANS ✓surfactant producers What does surfactant do? - ANS ✓protein that reduces surface tension inside the alveolar or respiratory membrane.
