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BIO |! 235 |! (Kovacs)|! Exam|! 1 |! with|! precise |!
detailed |! solutions
how |! many |! chromosomes |! do |! most |! prokaryotes |! have? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔one how |! many |! copies |! of |! their |! chromosome(s) |! do |! prokaryotes |! have? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔one what |! organisms |! undergo |! binary |! fission? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bacterial |! cells why |! do |! bacterial |! chromosomes |! get |! replicated |! before |! the |! cell |! divides? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔so |! each |! daughter |! cell |! receives |! one |! copy do |! eukaryotic |! or |! prokaryotic |! cells |! require |! more |! genetic |! information? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔eukaryotic what |! is |! required |! in |! order |! to |! pass |! complements |! of |! chromosomes |! to |! the |! next |! generation? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! sorting |! mechanism structures |! within |! living |! cells |! that |! contain |! the |! genetic |! material |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔chromosome what |! is |! the |! genetic |! material |! in |! chromosomes? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA
what |! provides |! an |! organized |! structure |! in |! chromosomes? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔proteins what |! is |! the |! DNA-protein |! complex |! called |! in |! eukaryotes? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔chromatin what |! is |! the |! DNA-protein |! complex |! called |! in |! prokaryotes? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nucleoid the |! constricted |! region |! joining |! the |! two |! sister |! chromatids |! that |! make |! up |! an |! X-shaped |! chromosome |! and |! the |! site |! where |! kinetochore |! is |! formed |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔centromere a |! region |! of |! repetitive |! nucleotide |! sequences |! at |! each |! end |! of |! a |! chromosome, |! which |! protects |! the |! end |! of |! the |! chromosome |! from |! deterioration |! or |! from |! fusion |! with |! neighboring |! chromosomes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔telomere a |! particular |! sequence |! in |! a |! genome |! at |! which |! replication |! is |! initiated |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔origins |! of |! replication a |! protein |! structure |! that |! forms |! on |! a |! chromatid |! during |! cell |! division |! and |! allows |! it |! to |! attach |! to |! a |! spindle |! fiber |! on |! a |! chromosome |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔kinetochore members |! of |! a |! pair |! of |! chromosomes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔homologs
why |! do |! eukaryotic |! cells |! undergo |! mitosis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔to |! ensure |! that |! the |! daughter |! cells |! receive |! one |! complete |! set |! of |! chromosomes |! (one |! copy |! of |! each |! chromosome) what |! is |! the |! repeating |! pattern |! of |! cell |! growth |! followed |! by |! cell |! division |! called? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cell |! cycle what |! are |! the |! phases |! G1, |! S, |! and |! G2 |! collectively |! called? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔interphase during |! what |! phase |! in |! interphase |! does |! the |! cell |! grow |! in |! volume? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔G what |! is |! the |! name |! of |! the |! phase |! a |! cell |! is |! in |! when |! progression |! through |! the |! cell |! cycle |! is |! postponed |! or |! when |! a |! cell |! decides |! to |! never |! divide |! again? |! (ex: |! nerve |! cells) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔G what |! are |! the |! cells |! called |! who |! decide |! to |! never |! divide |! again? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔terminally |! differentiated |! cells |! or |! post-mitotic |! cells during |! what |! phase |! in |! interphase |! are |! the |! chromosomes |! replicated? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔S two |! copies |! of |! a |! replicated |! chromosome |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔chromatids
two |! copies |! of |! a |! replicated |! chromosome |! joined |! at |! the |! centromere |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sister |! chromatids during |! what |! phase |! in |! interphase |! does |! the |! cell |! accumulate |! the |! materials |! and |! molecular |! machinery |! that |! are |! necessary |! for |! nuclear |! and |! cellular |! division? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔G what |! is |! the |! difference |! between |! a |! kinetochore |! and |! a |! centromere? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔kinetochore |! are |! the |! proteins |! attached |! to |! the |! centromere |! and |! the |! centromere |! is |! the |! DNA |! that |! is |! hidden |! beneath |! the |! kinetochore |! proteins during |! what |! phase |! are |! the |! chromosomes |! relaxed |! and |! unable |! to |! be |! seen |! individually |! under |! a |! microscope? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔interphase by |! the |! end |! of |! interphase, |! what |! has |! happened |! to |! the |! chromosomes? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔they |! have |! already |! replicated, |! but |! the |! pairs |! of |! sister |! chromatids |! are |! not |! seen |! until |! prophase what |! is |! the |! name |! of |! the |! point |! of |! origin |! of |! the |! mitotic |! spindle |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔centrosome what |! happens |! to |! the |! centrosome |! in |! interphase? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔it |! divides what |! are |! the |! key |! events |! that |! happen |! in |! prophase? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nuclear |! envelope |! begins |! to |! dissociate |! into |! small |! vesicles, |! chromatids |!
what |! forms |! during |! cytokinesis |! in |! animals? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cleavage |! furrow what |! forms |! during |! cytokinesis |! in |! plants? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cell |! plate mitosis |! ensures |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! diploid |! mother |! cell |! generates |! two |! daughter |! cells |! that |! are |! diploid |! and |! genetically |! identical |! to |! the |! mother |! cell why |! is |! mitosis |! so |! important? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔it |! maintains |! the |! same |! genome |! in |! every |! somatic |! cell |! throughout |! the |! entire |! lifespan |! of |! an |! organism how |! does |! mitosis |! maintain |! the |! same |! genome |! in |! every |! somatic |! cell |! throughout |! the |! entire |! lifespan |! of |! an |! organism |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔by |! making |! exact |! copies |! of |! the |! DNA |! (sister |! chromatids) |! during |! S |! phase |! and |! passing |! both |! full |! sets |! of |! chromosomes |! to |! the |! new |! cells what |! does |! meiosis |! produce? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔four |! genetically |! different |! haploid |! cells why |! is |! meiosis |! so |! important? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔it |! is |! a |! division |! that |! results |! in |! a |! combinatorial |! change |! of |! the |! genetic |! information |! which |! leads |! to |! genetic |! diversity |! due |! to |! crossing |! over are |! the |! products |! of |! meiosis |! haploid |! or |! diploid? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔haploid
do |! the |! products |! of |! meiosis |! contain |! one |! or |! two |! sets |! of |! chromosomes? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔one how |! many |! chromosomes |! does |! a |! human |! gamete |! contain? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 23 how |! many |! chromosomes |! does |! a |! human |! autosomal |! cell |! contain? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 46 simplified |! steps |! of |! meiosis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔chromosomes |! duplicate |! once |! before |! meiosis |! I, |! nucleus |! divides |! once |! in |! meiosis |! I |! (interkinesis), |! and |! the |! nucleus |! divides |! once |! again |! in |! meiosis |! II |! (cytokinesis) what |! is |! the |! net |! result |! of |! meiosis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! diploid |! cell |! gives |! rise |! to |! four |! haploid |! cells what |! kind |! of |! division |! is |! meiosis |! I? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔reductional in |! what |! phase |! of |! prophase |! I |! do |! chromosomes |! begin |! to |! thicken? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔leptotene in |! what |! phase |! of |! prophase |! I |! do |! bivalent |! chromosomes |! form? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔zygotene
what |! key |! events |! happen |! in |! anaphase |! I? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔paternal |! and |! maternal |! chromosomes |! (as |! sister |! chromatids) |! move |! to |! opposite |! poles |! of |! the |! cell what |! key |! events |! happen |! in |! telophase |! I? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nuclear |! envelope |! reforms what |! happens |! after |! telophase |! I? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! short |! interphase |! called |! interkinesis what |! two |! events |! happen |! in |! meiosis |! that |! do |! not |! occur |! in |! mitosis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔synapsis |! and |! crossing |! over what |! is |! synapsis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! pairing |! of |! two |! homologous |! chromosomes |! which |! allows |! matching-up |! of |! homologous |! pairs |! prior |! to |! their |! segregation, |! and |! possible |! chromosomal |! crossover |! between |! them what |! is |! crossing |! over? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! exchange |! of |! genetic |! material |! between |! homologous |! chromosomes |! which |! contributes |! to |! genetic |! variability what |! is |! a |! bivalent? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔paired |! homologous |! chromosomes |! which |! are |! made |! of |! two |! chromosomes |! and |! four |! chromatids when |! are |! bivalents |! organized |! and |! where? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔during |! metaphase |! I |! along |! the |! metaphase |! plate
how |! are |! the |! pairs |! of |! sister |! chromatids |! aligned |! differently |! in |! meiosis |! I |! from |! the |! ones |! in |! mitosis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔they |! are |! aligned |! in |! a |! double |! row |! as |! bivalents is |! the |! arrangement |! of |! sister |! chromatids |! planned |! or |! random? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔random are |! the |! chromosomes |! still |! in |! the |! shape |! of |! x's |! as |! they |! are |! pulled |! apart |! in |! metaphase |! I? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔yes |! because |! microtubules |! can |! only |! attach |! to |! one |! side |! of |! the |! homologous |! chromosomes explain |! the |! separation |! during |! metaphase |! I |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! two |! pairs |! of |! sister |! chromatids |! separate |! from |! each |! other, |! but |! the |! connection |! that |! holds |! the |! sister |! chromatids |! together |! does |! not |! break end |! result |! of |! meiosis |! I |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔two |! cells |! that |! each |! have |! two |! chromosomes |! (four |! chromatids) |! that |! are |! not |! homologous end |! result |! of |! meiosis |! II |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔four |! cells |! that |! each |! have |! two |! chromosomes |! (two |! chromatids) |! that |! are |! genetically |! different |! from |! one |! another what |! key |! events |! happen |! in |! meiosis |! II? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! chromosomes |! recondense
what |! happens |! during |! meiosis |! II |! of |! sperm |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔two |! secondary |! spermatocytes |! are |! formed what |! results |! from |! meiosis |! II |! of |! sperm |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔four |! spermatids what |! do |! spermatids |! undergo |! to |! become |! sperm |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔differentiation what |! happens |! during |! mitosis |! of |! egg |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔one |! oogonia |! divides |! to |! form |! two |! oocytes what |! happens |! during |! meiosis |! I |! of |! egg |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔arrested |! primary |! oocyte |! is |! formed what |! happens |! after |! the |! arrested |! primary |! oocyte |! is |! formed? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔first |! polar |! body |! is |! formed |! (secondary |! oocyte) what |! happens |! during |! meiosis |! II |! of |! egg |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! first |! and |! second |! polar |! body |! combine |! with |! a |! mature |! ovum when |! does |! mitosis |! happen |! in |! egg |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔in |! fetal |! ovary when |! does |! meiosis |! I |! happen |! in |! egg |! cells |! and |! what |! is |! this |! called? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔completed |! at |! ovulation, |! called |! asymmetrical |! division
when |! does |! meiosis |! II |! happen |! in |! egg |! cells |! and |! what |! is |! this |! called? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔occurs |! only |! after |! fertilization, |! called |! asymmetrical |! division what |! is |! the |! cell |! cycle |! of |! an |! egg |! cell |! called? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔oogenesis why |! is |! genetic |! diversity |! important? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔it |! increases |! the |! possibility |! that |! some |! individuals |! in |! a |! population |! will |! be |! successful |! at |! meetings |! challenges |! of |! a |! changing |! environment in |! plants, |! is |! the |! sporophyte |! generation |! diploid |! or |! haploid? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔diploid in |! plants, |! is |! the |! gametophyte |! generation |! diploid |! or |! haploid? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔haploid who |! is |! Gregor |! Mendel? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! pea |! plant |! guy why |! was |! Mendel's |! work |! successful? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔he |! hybridized |! the |! plants |! by |! carefully |! controlling |! self |! and |! cross |! pollination, |! used |! true |! breeding |! lines, |! studied |! clear-cut |! traits |! that |! come |! in |! mutually |! exclusive |! forms, |! counted |! the |! number |! of |! progeny |! that |! displayed |! the |! alternative |! forms, |! performed |! reciprocal |! crosses what |! did |! Mendel |! observe |! in |! the |! pea |! plants? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! parents' |! characteristics |! reappear |! in |! the |! F2 |! generation
is |! the |! form |! of |! the |! character |! that |! is |! hidden |! in |! F1 |! dominant |! or |! recessive? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔recessive when |! is |! an |! allele |! recessive? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔when |! its |! effect |! can |! only |! be |! seen |! when |! it |! is |! paired |! with |! another |! recessive |! allele observable |! characteristic |! of |! an |! organism |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔phenotype pairs |! of |! allels |! present |! in |! an |! individual |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔genotype two |! alleles |! of |! trait |! that |! are |! the |! same |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔homozygous two |! alleles |! of |! trait |! are |! different |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔heterozygous probability |! of |! two |! events |! occurring |! together |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔independent |! events, |! multiply |! probabilities probability |! of |! one |! or |! another |! event |! occurring |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mutually |! exclusive |! events, |! add |! probabilities simultaneous |! inheritance |! of |! two |! unrelated |! traits |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔dihybrid |! cross
9:3:3:1 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔dihybrid |! cross |! between |! F1 |! generation |! (heterozygous |! for |! both) during |! gamete |! formation, |! different |! pairs |! of |! alleles |! segregate |! independently |! of |! each |! other |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! law |! of |! independent |! segregation when |! is |! the |! law |! of |! independent |! assortment |! true? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔only |! if |! the |! genes |! that |! have |! the |! traits |! are |! on |! different |! chromosomes |! or |! are |! far |! apart |! on |! the |! same |! chromosome difference |! between |! law |! of |! independent |! assortment |! and |! law |! of |! independent |! segregation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔segregation |! deals |! with |! the |! alleles |! separating |! during |! gamete |! formation, |! assortment |! deals |! with |! the |! fact |! that |! one |! gene |! does |! not |! depend |! on |! the |! inheritance |! of |! another are |! females |! homogametic |! or |! heterogametic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔homogametic |! (XX) are |! males |! homogametic |! or |! heterogametic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔heterogametic |! (XY) what |! is |! the |! Y |! chromosome |! mainly |! made |! of? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔heterochromatin what |! is |! heterochromatin? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔condensed |! inactive |! chromatin
does |! X-linked |! inheritance |! follow |! independent |! assortment? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔no |! because |! it |! depends |! on |! the |! X |! chromosome sex |! chromosomes |! of |! fruit |! flies |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔female: |! XX |! male: |! XY sex |! chromosomes |! of |! other |! insects |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔female: |! XX |! male: |! XO sex |! chromosomes |! of |! birds |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔female: |! ZW |! male: |! WW which |! kinds |! of |! animals |! exhibit |! temperature-dependent |! sex |! determination? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔crocodiles, |! most |! turtles, |! some |! lizards how |! does |! temperature-dependent |! sex |! determination |! work? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔expression |! of |! aromatase |! genes, |! the |! aromatase |! enzymes |! convert |! androgens |! to |! estrogens how |! many |! copies |! of |! the |! X |! chromosome |! are |! expressed |! in |! females |! and |! how |! is |! this |! determined? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔only |! one, |! randomly |! determined why |! does |! the |! pseudoautosomal |! region |! exist? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔crossover |! in |! meiosis |! I what |! is |! the |! only |! thing |! truly |! needed |! to |! become |! a |! male? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔SRY |! gene
what |! does |! a |! pedigree |! for |! an |! X-linked |! disease |! show? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mostly |! males |! are |! affected |! with |! mothers |! as |! carriers examples |! of |! X-linked |! disorders |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Duchenne |! muscular |! distrophy |! and |! green-red |! color |! blindness what |! is |! the |! inactive |! region |! on |! an |! X |! chromosome |! called |! and |! what |! does |! it |! look |! like? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔barr |! body, |! black what |! is |! the |! purpose |! of |! X |! chromosome |! inactivation? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔control |! for |! dosage |! compensation |! in |! female |! mammals 2:1 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔evidence |! of |! lethal |! inheritance |! because |! one |! genotype |! dies |! off mode |! of |! inheritance |! when |! one |! gene |! has |! 2 |! or |! more |! different |! phenotypes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔pleiotropy example |! of |! pleiotropy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! gene |! being |! lethal |! if |! homozygous |! but |! phenotypically |! expressed |! if |! heterozygous mode |! of |! inheritance |! when |! neither |! parental |! allele |! is |! dominant |! and |! both |! contribute |! to |! the |! F1 |! phenotype |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔incomplete |! dominance
