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BIOL |! 235 |! final |! Exam |! with |! precise |!
detailed |! solutions
Erythrocytes |! contain |! the |! enzyme |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔carbonic |! anhydrase carbonic |! anhydrase |! catalyzes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! conversion |! of |! metabolically |! produced |! C)2 |! and |! water |! into |! carbonic |! acid fixed |! phagocytic |! macrophages |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔remove |! most |! old |! erythrocytes |! from |! circulation Location |! of |! fixed |! phagocytic |! macrophages |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔narrow |! capillaries |! of |! the |! spleen Undifferentiated |! cells |! called |! pluripotent |! stem |! cells |! reside |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔in |! the |! bone |! marrow pluripotent |! stem |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔continuously |! divide |! and |! develop |! myeloid |! stem |! cells |! and |! lymphoid |! stem |! cells |! to |! give |! rise |! to |! each |! of |! the |! types |! of |! blood |! cells emigration |! or |! diapedesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! process |! of |! leukocytes |! squeezing |! through |! the |! capillary |! endothelium |! to |! exit |! the |! vasculature
agglutinins |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔genetically-determined |! glycoprotein |! and |! glycolipid |! antigens |! found |! on |! the |! surface |! of |! an |! erythrocyte ESV |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔volume |! of |! blood |! in |! the |! ventricle |! after |! ejection |! has |! been |! completed Increase |! in |! ESV |! when |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔stroke |! volume |! is |! decreased Three |! cations |! with |! important |! effect |! on |! heart |! function |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔K+, |! Ca2+, |! and |! Na+ Increased |! blood |! levels |! of |! NA+ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔blocks |! Ca2+ |! inflow |! and |! decreases |! force |! of |! contraction Excess |! in |! K+ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔blocks |! generation |! of |! action |! potentials pharynx |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔serves |! as |! a |! sound |! resonating |! chamber, |! contains |! tonsils, |! directs |! air |! flow |! inferiorly larynx |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔passes |! air |! form |! pharynx |! into |! windpipe, |! site |! of |! sound |! production paranasal |! sinuses |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔resonates |! sound, |! not |! part |! of |! the |! pharynx
inspiratory |! capacity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tidal |! volume |! + |! inspiratory |! reserve |! volume, |! usually |! about |! 3600 |! mL |! in |! males vital |! capacity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tidal |! volume |! + |! inspiratory |! reserve |! volume |! + |! expiratory |! reserve |! volume; |! usually |! about |! 4800 |! mL |! in |! males functional |! residual |! capacity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔residual |! volume |! + |! expiratory |! reserve |! volume; |! usually |! about |! 2400 |! mL |! in |! males Henry's |! law |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔states |! that |! the |! amount |! of |! gas |! that |! will |! dissolve |! in |! a |! liquid |! is |! proportional |! to |! the |! partial |! pressure |! of |! that |! gas |! and |! its |! solubility Bohr |! effect |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔when |! pH |! decreases, |! O2 |! saturation |! of |! hemoglobin |! decreases Dalton's |! law |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔each |! gas |! in |! a |! mixture |! of |! gases |! exerts |! its |! own |! partial |! pressure medulla |! oblongata |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sets |! basic |! rhythm |! of |! breathing pons |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔includes |! the |! pontine |! respiratory |! group
Blood |! is |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! connective |! tissue |! that |! consists |! of |! blood |! plasma |! (liquid) |! plus |! formed |! elements |! (red |! blood |! cells, |! white |! blood |! cells, |! and |! platelets) Whole |! blood |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔blood |! plasma |! and |! formed |! elements Blood |! plasma |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔proteins, |! water, |! other |! solutes Blood |! plasma |! proteins |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔albumins |! (54%), |! globulins |! (36%), |! fibrinogens |! (7%) Formed |! elements |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔red |! blood |! cells, |! white |! blood |! cells, |! platelets Blood |! cell |! production |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔hemopoesis, |! mainly |! occurs |! in |! red |! bone |! marrow |! after |! birth Reticulocyte |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔from |! proerythrocyte, |! ejects |! nucleus Average |! lifespan |! of |! an |! erythrocyte |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 120 |! days Rate |! of |! RBC |! formation |! by |! red |! blood |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔equals |! the |! rate |! of |! RBC |! destruction |! by |! macrophages
Blood |! clot |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔gel |! that |! contains |! formed |! elements |! of |! the |! blood |! entangled |! in |! fibrin |! threads In |! blood |! clotting |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔coagulation |! factors |! are |! activated |! in |! sequence, |! resulting |! in |! a |! cascade |! of |! reactions |! that |! includes |! positive |! feedback |! cycles Extrinsic |! pathway |! of |! blood |! clotting |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔fewer |! steps, |! thromboplastic |! leaks |! into |! the |! blood |! from |! cells |! outside |! (extrinsic |! to) |! blood |! vessels |! and |! initiates |! the |! formation |! of |! prothrombinase Intrinsic |! pathway |! of |! blood |! clotting |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔more |! complex, |! occurs |! more |! slowly, |! activators |! are |! in |! direct |! contact |! with |! blood |! or |! contained |! within |! (intrinsic |! to) |! the |! blood. |! Outside |! tissue |! damage |! is |! not |! needed. clotting |! pathway |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Prothrombinase |! - |! prothrombin |! - |! thrombin |! - |! soluble |! fibrinogen |! - |! insoluble |! fibrin |! - |! threads |! of |! clot Common |! pathway |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔formation |! of |! prothrombinase |! marks |! the |! beginning |! of |! the____ In |! an |! incompatible |! blood |! transfusion |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔antibodies |! in |! the |! recipient's |! plasma |! bind |! to |! the |! antigens |! on |! the |! donated |! RBCs |! which |! causes |! agglutination |! (clumping)
Antibodies |! in |! your |! plasma |! don't |! react |! with |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔antigens |! on |! your |! red |! blood |! cells HDN |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔occurs |! when |! maternal |! anti-Rh |! antibodies |! cross |! the |! placenta |! and |! cause |! hemolysis |! of |! fetal |! RBC ABO |! blood |! typing |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔blood |! is |! mixed |! with |! anti-A |! and |! anti- B |! serum The |! heart |! is |! located |! in |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! mediastinum Pericardium |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔triple-layered |! sac |! that |! surrounds |! and |! protects |! the |! heart Pericardium |! two |! main |! parts |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔fibrous |! pericardium |! and |! serous |! pericardium Fibrous |! pericardium |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔superficial, |! tough, |! inelastic, |! bag |! that |! attaches |! to |! the |! diaphragm, |! prevents |! overstretching |! of |! the |! heart, |! anchors |! the |! heart |! in |! the |! mediastinum Serous |! pericardium |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔parietal |! layer, |! visceral |! layer |! (epicardium) Visceral |! layer |! of |! the |! serous |! pericardium |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔one |! of |! the |! layers |! of |! the |! heart |! wall
AV |! valves |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔between |! an |! atrium |! and |! a |! ventricle Bicuspid |! valve |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔left |! atrium |! and |! left |! ventricle Tricuspid |! valve |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔right |! atrium |! and |! right |! ventricle Heart |! valves |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔prevent |! the |! backflow |! of |! blood The |! left |! side |! of |! the |! heart |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔pumps |! oxygenated |! blood |! into |! the |! systemic |! circulation |! to |! all |! tissue |! of |! the |! body |! except |! the |! air |! sacs |! of |! the |! lungs The |! right |! side |! of |! the |! heart |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔pumps |! deoxygenated |! blood |! into |! pulmonary |! circulation |! to |! the |! air |! sacs The |! left |! and |! right |! coronary |! arteries |! deliver |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔blood |! to |! the |! heart Coronary |! veins |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔drain |! blood |! from |! the |! heart |! into |! the |! coronary |! sinus Cardiac |! muscle |! fibers |! connect |! to |! neighboring |! fibers |! by |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔intercalated |! discs |! which |! contain |! desmosomes |! and |! gap |! junctions
Autorhythmic |! fibers |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔pacemaker, |! form |! the |! cardiac |! conduction |! system Cardiac |! conduction |! systems |! propagate |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sinoatrial |! node, |! atrioventricular |! node, |! atrioventricular |! bundle |! (bundle |! of |! His), |! right |! and |! left |! bundle |! branches, |! Purkinje |! fibers Authorhythmic |! fibers |! pace |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 100 |! times |! a |! minute, |! natural |! pacemaker Conduction |! system |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ensures |! that |! the |! chambers |! of |! the |! heart |! contract |! in |! a |! coordinated |! manner Long |! refractory |! period |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔prevents |! tetanus |! in |! cardiac |! muscle |! fibers ECG |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔recording |! of |! the |! electrical |! activity |! that |! initiates |! each |! heartbeat Depolarization |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔causes |! contraction Repolarization |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔causes |! relaxation |! of |! cardiac |! muscle |! fibers
Basic |! structure |! of |! a |! blood |! vessel |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tunica |! interna, |! tunica |! media, |! tunica |! externa Tunica |! interna |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔innermost |! layer |! endothelium, |! facilitate |! efficient |! blood |! flow |! by |! reducing |! surface |! friction Tunica |! media |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔muscular |! and |! connective |! tissue |! layer |! that |! displays |! the |! greatest |! variation |! among |! the |! different |! vessel |! types Tunica |! media |! vasoconstriction |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sympathetic |! stimulation |! causing |! contraction Tunica |! media |! vasodilation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sympathetic |! stimulation |! decreases |! or |! presence |! of |! certain |! chemicals |! (NO, |! lactic |! acid, |! H+) Tunica |! externa |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mostly |! of |! collagen |! and |! elastic |! fibers, |! supplies |! the |! vessel |! wall |! with |! nerves |! and |! self-vessels, |! helps |! anchor |! the |! vessels |! to |! surrounding |! tissue In |! capillaries |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nutrients, |! gases, |! and |! wastes |! are |! exchanged |! between |! the |! blood |! and |! interstitial |! fluid Capillaries |! are |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔microscopic |! blood |! vessels |! that |! connect |! arterioles |! and |! venules
5 |! types |! of |! blood |! vessels |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔arteries, |! arterioles, |! capillaries, |! venules, |! veins Arteries |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔carry |! blood |! from |! the |! heart |! to |! tissues Veins |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔carry |! blood |! from |! tissues |! to |! the |! heart Pressure |! reservoir |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mechanical |! energy |! momentarily |! stored |! in |! stretch |! elastic |! fibers |! of |! an |! artery Recoil |! of |! elastic |! arteries |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔keeps |! blood |! flowing |! during |! ventricular |! relaxation Capillary |! exchange |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔most |! important |! method |! of |! capillary |! exchange |! is |! simple |! diffusion Three |! methods |! of |! capillary |! exchange |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔simple |! diffusion, |! transcytosis, |! bulk |! flow |! (filtration |! and |! reabsorption) Bulk |! flow |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔passive |! process |! in |! which |! large |! amounts |! of |! ions, |! molecules, |! or |! particles |! in |! a |! fluid |! move |! together |! in |! the |! same |! direction, |! high |! pressure |! to |! low |! pressure Blood |! hydrostatic |! pressure |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔pushes |! fluid |! out |! of |! capillaries |! (filtration)
Milking |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔referes |! to |! skeletal |! muscle |! contractions |! that |! drive |! venous |! blood |! toward |! the |! heart Increases |! in |! cardiac |! output |! and |! increases |! in |! systemic |! vascular |! resistance |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔will |! increase |! arterial |! pressure Velocity |! of |! blood |! flow |! is |! slowest |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔in |! capillaries |! because |! they |! have |! the |! largest |! total |! cross-sectional |! area CV |! center |! role |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔regulate |! heart |! rate |! and |! stroke |! volume Baroreceptor |! location |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔located |! in |! aorta, |! internal |! carotid |! arteries, |! and |! other |! large |! arteries |! in |! the |! neck |! and |! chest Carotid |! sinus |! reflex |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔baroreceptors |! in |! the |! wall |! of |! the |! carotid |! sinuses |! which |! regulates |! blood |! pressure |! in |! the |! brain Aortic |! reflex |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔baroreceptors |! in |! the |! wall |! of |! the |! ascending |! aorta |! which |! regulates |! systemic |! blood |! pressure Baroreceptors |! are |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔pressure |! sensitive |! neurons |! that |! monitor |! stretching When |! blood |! pressure |! decreases |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔heart |! rate |! increases
As |! the |! cuff |! deflates |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔first |! sound |! usually |! systolic |! pressure, |! the |! sounds |! suddenly |! become |! faint |! at |! the |! diastolic |! blood |! pressure Shock |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔failure |! of |! the |! CV |! system |! to |! deliver |! enough |! O2 |! and |! nutrients |! to |! meet |! cellular |! metabolic |! needs Four |! types |! of |! shock |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔hypovolemic |! shock, |! cardiogenic |! shock, |! vascular |! shock, |! obstructive |! shock Homeostatic |! responses |! to |! shock |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔activation |! of |! the |! renin- angiotensin-aldosterone |! system, |! secretion |! of |! antidiuretic |! hormone, |! activation |! of |! the |! sympathetic |! division |! of |! the |! ANS, |! release |! of |! local |! vasodilators Homeostatic |! mechanisms |! can |! compensate |! for |! an |! acute |! blood |! loss |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔of |! as |! much |! as |! 10% |! of |! total |! blood |! volume All |! veins |! of |! systemic |! circulation |! drain |! into |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔superior |! vena |! cava, |! inferior |! vena |! cava, |! coronary |! sinus All |! systemic |! arteries |! branch |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔from |! the |! aorta The |! arch |! of |! the |! aorta |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ends |! at |! the |! level |! of |! the |! intervertebral |! disc |! between |! the |! fourth |! and |! fifth |! thoracic |! vertebrae
Lacteals |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔specialized |! lymphatic |! capillaries |! that |! carry |! dietary |! lipids |! into |! lymphatic |! vessels |! and |! into |! the |! blood Lymphatic |! capillaries |! are |! found |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔throughout |! the |! body |! except |! in |! avascular |! tissues, |! the |! central |! nervous |! system, |! portions |! of |! the |! spleen, |! and |! bone |! marrow Right |! lymphatic |! duct |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔receives |! lymph |! from |! the |! right |! jugular, |! right |! subclavian, |! and |! right |! bronchomediastinal |! trunks |! (upper |! right |! side |! of |! the |! body) Thoracic |! duct |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔begins |! as |! a |! dilation |! called |! the |! cisterna |! chyli, |! receives |! lymph |! from |! the |! rest |! of |! the |! body Formation |! of |! lymph |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔most |! components |! of |! blood |! plasma, |! such |! as |! nutrients, |! gases, |! and |! hormones, |! filter |! freely |! through |! the |! capillary |! wall |! to |! form |! interstitial |! fluid, |! but |! more |! fluid |! filters |! out |! of |! blood |! capillaries |! than |! returns |! to |! them |! by |! reabsorption. |! The |! excess |! filtered |! fluid, |! drains |! into |! lymphatic |! vessels |! and |! becomes |! lymph. Important |! function |! of |! lymphatic |! vessels |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔return |! lost |! plasma |! proteins |! and |! plasma |! to |! the |! bloodstream Sequence |! of |! fluid |! flow |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔blood |! capillaries |! (blood) |! - |! interstitial |! spaces |! (interstitial |! fluid) |! - |! lymphatic |! capillaries |! (lymph) |! - |! lymphatic |! vessels |! - |! lymphatic |! ducts |! - |! junction |! of |! the |! internal |! jugular |! and |! subclavian |! veins |! (blood)
All |! lymph |! returns |! to |! the |! bloodstream |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔through |! thoracic |! duct |! and |! the |! right |! lymphatic |! duct The |! bilobed |! thymus |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔largest |! at |! puberty |! and |! then |! the |! functional |! portion |! atrophies |! with |! age Lymph |! nodes |! are |! present |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔throughout |! the |! body, |! usually |! clustered |! in |! groups Spleen |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔largest |! single |! mass |! of |! lymphatic |! tissue |! in |! the |! body Spleen |! function |! in |! relation |! to |! blood |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔removal |! by |! macrophages |! of |! worn |! out/defective |! blood |! cells |! and |! platelets, |! storage |! of |! platelets, |! production |! of |! blood |! cells |! during |! fetal |! life Lymphatic |! tissues |! are |! derived |! from |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mesoderm First |! line |! of |! defense |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔skin |! and |! mucus |! membrane Second |! line |! of |! defense |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔internal |! defenses |! - |! antimicrobial |! substances
