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BIO |! 235 |! Exam |! 4 |! with |! precise |!
detailed |! solutions
Helicase |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Unwinds |! DNA |! in |! both |! directions Gyrase |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔topoisomerase |! that |! relieves |! supercoiling |! ahead |! of |! replication |! fork Single |! Stranded |! Binding |! proteins |! do |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Stabilize |! single |! stranded |! DNA Primase |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Enzyme |! that |! makes |! RNA |! primers DNA |! polymerase |! cannot? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Reconstruct |! the |! 5' |! end |! of |! a |! DNA |! strand this |! poses |! problems |! for |! linear |! chromosome |! integrity Telomeres |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Repetitive |! DNA |! sequences |! TTAGGG -no |! protein |! coding -binds |! two |! types
Two |! types |! of |! proteins |! that |! binds |! in |! telomeres |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- Protective |! proteins -telomerase |! enzyme Telomerase |! enzyme |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ribonucleoprotein ribonucleoprotein |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔composed |! of |! RNA |! and |! protein Binding |! of |! telomerase |! to |! TTAGGG |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Addition |! of |! RNA |! extends |! ends -carries |! its |! own |! DNA |! template |! as |! well....to |! finish |! DNA |! strand Telomerase |! is |! key |! in |! determining |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Life-span |! of |! cell Telomerase |! in |! immortalized |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ie |! germ |! line, |! cancer, |! yeast... -Telomeres |! are |! fully |! reconstructed |! with |! each |! DNA |! replication Telomerase |! in |! somatic |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Virtually |! absent -shortened |! with |! every |! cell |! division -somatic |! cells |! divide |! 30-50 |! times |! then |! die
RNA |! table |! Characteristics |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-composed |! of |! nucleotides -Ribose |! sugar -OH |! group -A,G,C,U -Joined |! by |! Pbonds -Single |! stranded -Many |! types |! of |! secondary |! structure -easily |! degraded RNA |! molecule |! can |! fold |! back |! on |! itself? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Yes, |! then |! it |! is |! opposite |! orientation RNA |! secondary |! structure |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔partially |! double-stranded |! structures; |! common |! motifs |! include |! stem |! loops, |! hairpins, |! and |! kissing |! loops RNA |! transcribed |! in |! both |! prokaryotic |! and |! eukaryotic |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔- |! messenger |! RNA -Ribosomal |! RNA -Transfer |! RNA RNA |! produced |! only |! in |! Eukaryotes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-pre-messenger -small |! nuclear -small |! nucleolar -Micro
-Small |! interfering -piwi |! interacting RNA |! produced |! by |! only |! prokaryotes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔CRISPR |! RNA Central |! dogma |! of |! molecular |! biology |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Information |! flowing |! from |! DNA |! to |! RNA |! to |! protein |! - |! FALSE |! FALSE |! FALSE -Reverse |! transcriptase |! (HIV) |! moves |! from |! RNA |! to |! DNA Info |! that |! ends |! up |! in |! polypeptide |! is |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA |! coding |! region |! AND |! 5' |! untranslated |! region |! and |! 3' |! untranslated |! region promoter |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔never |! transcribed, |! signal |! to |! start |! transcription |! (right |! before |! coding |! region) -promotes |! gene |! expression Termination |! site |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Region |! of |! DNA |! that |! tells |! the |! polymerase |! when |! transcription |! should |! conclude. Enhancer |! elements |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔can |! be |! upstream |! or |! downstream |! from |! promoters Promoters |! are |! located |! where? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔upstream |! of |! the |! sire |! where |! transcription |! of |! a |! gene |! actually |! begins
Core |! enzyme |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔five |! subunits. |! this |! enzyme |! catalyzes |! the |! elongation |! of |! RNA |! molecule |! by |! addition |! of |! RNA |! nucleotides Sigma |! factor |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! region |! within |! the |! sigma |! factor |! that |! contains |! a |! helix |! turn |! helix |! structure |! to |! tightly |! bind |! DNA RNA |! polymerase |! slides |! along |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA, |! creating |! an |! open |! complex |! as |! it |! moves DNA |! strand |! is |! known |! as |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Template |! strand |! and |! is |! used |! to |! make |! complementary |! copy |! of |! RNA |! as |! an |! RNA-DNA |! hybrid RNA |! polymerase |! moves |! along |! what |! direction? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔3' |! to |! 5' RNA |! polymerase |! synthesizes |! RNA |! in |! what |! direction? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔5' |! to |! 3' |! using |! nucleoside |! triphosphates |! as |! precursors. Complimentary |! rule |! in |! RNA? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔AU/GC termination |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔is |! the |! end |! of |! RNA |! synthesis When |! does |! termination |! occur? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔When |! the |! short |! RNA- DNA |! hybrid |! of |! the |! open |! complex |! is |! forced |! to |! separate |! (releases |! newly |! made |! RNA |! and |! RNA |! polymerase)
E. |! Coli |! mechanisms |! for |! termination |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Rho |! dependent |! termination |! and |! rho |! independent Rho-dependent |! termination |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔requires |! a |! protein |! known |! as |! rho Rho-independent |! termination |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Does |! not |! require |! rho |! protein Rho-dependent |! in |! detail.. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Rho |! unwinds |! double |! helixes, |! bonds |! RNA |! and |! chases |! RNAP. -Rho |! catches |! up |! with |! RNAP |! if |! it |! pauses -Rho |! unwinds |! the |! RNA-DNA |! complex |! at |! the |! transcription |! buubble |! and |! terminates |! transcription. Differences |! in |! archael |! transcription |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Archaea |! contain |! single |! RNAP |! but |! it |! resembles |! the |! eukaryotic |! RNA |! polymerase |! II Archaea |! promoters |! and |! RNA |! polymerase |! similar |! to |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Eukaryote |! ones Archaea |! regulation |! of |! transcription |! has |! similarities |! with? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Eubacteria Transcription |! in |! eukaryotes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Eukaryotic |! RNA |! polymerases
-Transcriptional |! start |! site core |! promoter |! (eukaryotes) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔relatively |! short, |! consists |! of |! TATA |! box |! and |! transcriptional |! start |! site. |! -determines |! precise |! start |! point |! for |! transcation silencers |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔inhibit |! transcription |! from |! core |! promoter core |! promoter |! itself |! produces |! low |! level |! of? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔transcription, |! aka |! basal |! transcription Regulatory |! elements |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔•are |! short |! DNA |! sequences |! that |! affect |! the |! binding |! of |! RNA |! polymerase |! to |! the |! promoter -enhancers |! and |! silencers Enhancers |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔stimulate |! transcription Transcription |! factors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔§bind |! to |! the |! regulatory |! elements |! and |! influence |! the |! rate |! of |! transcription 5' |! end |! of |! Eukaryotes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔addition |! of |! methylated |! cap internal |! sequences |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Splicing |! (removal |! of |! introns)
at |! 3' |! end |! of |! eukaryotes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Addition |! of |! poly-A |! tail Methylated |! cap |! consists |! of |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-guanosine |! triphosphate |! in |! a |! 5' |! to |! 5' |! orientation -methyl |! group |! on |! the |! G |! base |! and |! methyl |! groups |! on |! ribose |! further |! down Pol-A |! tail |! added |! to |! what |! end |! of |! mRNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔3', |! not |! encoded |! in |! the |! gene, |! but |! added |! by |! polymerase RNA |! splicing |! removes? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔introns Exons |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔•sequences |! found |! in |! a |! gene's |! DNA |! and |! mature |! mRNA |! (expressed |! regions) Introns |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔• |! sequences |! found |! in |! DNA |! but |! not |! in |! mRNA |! (intervening |! regions) Intron |! ratio |! in |! eukaryotes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔some |! have |! many |! introns |! but |! few |! have |! no |! intrins Splice |! donor |! site |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔5' |! GU Branch |! site |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! short |! sequence |! just |! before |! the |! end |! of |! an |! intron |! at |! which |! the |! lariat |! intermediate |! is |! formed |! in |! splicing |! by |! joining |! the |! 5' |! nucleotide |! of |! the |! intron |! to |! the |! 2' |! position |! of |! an |! adenosine
soluble |! antibody |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔heavy |! chain |! removed tRNA |! are |! how |! many |! base |! pairs? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔74- tRNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔transfer |! RNA;carry |! anticodon |! on |! one |! end |! and |! an |! amino |! acid |! on |! the |! other. Modified |! bases |! are |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-Inosine -methylinosine -ribothymdine |! (T) -dihydrouridine |! (UH2) -dimethylguanosine |! (m2G) -pseudouridine Processing |! of |! precursor |! rRNA |! is |! carried |! out |! by? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔enzymes Ribosome |! consists |! of |! how |! many |! subunits? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔TWO, |! each |! composed |! of |! RNA |! and |! proteins Cleavage |! of |! precursor |! rRNA |! carried |! out |! in? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nucleolus |! by |! ribonucleoprotein |! (snoRNP) |! which |! contains |! snoRNAs
snoRNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔processing |! of |! rRNA RNA |! participates |! in |! a |! variety |! of |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cellular |! functions Ribsomal |! RNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔structural |! and |! functional |! components |! of |! ribosome |! located |! in |! cytoplasm |! -Bacterial |! and |! Eukaryotic Messenger |! RNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Carries |! genetic |! code |! for |! protein |! located |! in |! nucleus |! and |! cytoplasm -bacterial |! and |! eukaryotic Transfer |! RNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Helps |! incorporateamino |! acids |! into |! polypeptide |! chain |! located |! in |! cytoplasm -Bacterial |! and |! eukaryotic Small |! nuclear |! TNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Processing |! of |! pre-mRNA |! located |! in |! nucleous -Eukaryotic |! only Small |! nucleolar |! RNA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Processing |! and |! assembly |! of |! rRNA |! located |! in |! nucleus |! -Eukaryotic
siRNA |! cleavage |! of |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA |! duples |! or |! single-stranded |! RNA |! that |! forms |! long |! hairpins siRNA |! Size |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔21-25 |! nucleotides siRNA |! Action |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔degradation |! of |! mRNA, |! inhibition |! of |! transcription, |! chromatin |! modification siRNA |! target |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔genes |! from |! which |! they |! were |! transcribed miRNA |! origin |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔RNA |! transcribed |! from |! distinct |! gene miRNA |! cleavage |! of |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔single-stranded |! RNA |! that |! forms |! short |! hairpins |! of |! double |! stranded |! RNA miRNA |! size |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔21-25 |! nucleotides miRNA |! Action |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔degradation |! of |! mRNA, |! inhibition |! of |! TRANSLATION, |! chromatin |! modification miRNA |! Target |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔genes |! OTHER |! than |! those |! from |! which |! they |! were |! transcribed CRISPR |! stands |! for? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Clustered |! Regularly |! Interspaced |! Short |! Palindromic |! Repeats
Cas9 |! system |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Short |! DNA |! sequences |! (proto-spacers) |! of |! phages |! and |! plasmids |! are |! processed |! into |! "spacers" |! which |! then |! are |! "saved" |! in |! a |! CRISPR |! array |! interspersed |! by |! short |! palindromic |! repeats. CRISPR |! Repeats |! are |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔transcribed |! as |! an |! operon |! into |! an |! RNA |! and |! the |! RNA |! is |! processed |! into |! CRISPR |! RNA |! monomers. CRISPR |! RNA |! monomers |! interact |! with |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cas |! Protein Adaptation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔requires |! PAM, |! takes |! protospacer |! to |! a |! repeated |! sequence |! that |! includes |! spacers |! between |! them palindrome |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔reads |! the |! same |! 5' |! to |! 3' |! on |! either |! strand |! for |! a |! segment |! of |! DNA Cas |! proteins |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔recognize |! and |! destroy |! foreign |! DNA Expression |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cas9 |! and |! crRNA adaptive |! immunity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! ability |! to |! recognize |! and |! remember |! specific |! antigens |! and |! mount |! an |! attack |! on |! them interference |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-Requires |! PAM. |!
