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BIO 2104 FINAL EXAM & TEST BANK COMPLETE 200
QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
GRADED A+
A prokaryote that has thick peptidoglycan cell wall with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Gram positive When flagella are located at both poles of the microbe they are known as **- CORRECT ANSWER
** amphitrichous Lysozyme is most effective against - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Gram positive organisms All bacterial cells have - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Ribosomes Plasmids - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Are often the site of pathogenic genes Endospores can be destroyed by boiling them at 100 C - CORRECT ANSWER >>> False Gram negative bacteria have techoic and lipotechoic acid. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> False Gram positive organisms - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Are more susceptible to antibiotics than gram negative organisms The bacterial structure that is responsible for the cells morphology and protects the cell from changes in osmotic pressure is the - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cell wall
Which of the following is not a function of a prokaryote cell membrane? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** protection against phagocytosis capsomers bind together to form - CORRECT ANSWER >>> capsids Identify the proper order of phases in the life cycle of animal viruses: **- CORRECT ANSWER ** adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release A temporal dsDNA bacteriophage - CORRECT ANSWER >>> inserts its genome into the host chromosome to become a prophage A naked virus exits a cell by ________; an enveloped virus exits a cell by ________ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> lysis, budding off Enveloped animal viruses get their envelope from a host membrane. **- CORRECT ANSWER ** True Viruses that alter host genetic material may cause oncogenic effects. **- CORRECT ANSWER ** True Viral nucleic acids include which of the following - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A) Double stranded DNA B) Single stranded DNA C) Double stranded RNA
The drug used for several protozoan infections is - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Metronidazole There are fewer antifungal, anti-protozoan and anti-helminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi, protozoa and helminths - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat **- CORRECT ANSWER
** HIV Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis work without targeting mammalian cells because mammals must get folic acid from their diet. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> True A superinfection occurs when antibiotic use destroys normal microbiota that was keeping pathogens in check and the pathogens are now able to cause infection **- CORRECT ANSWER ** True Which of the following is NOT an adhesion mechanism that bacteria use to attach to a host? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> envelope spikes puncture cells for entry Endogenous infections are caused by - CORRECT ANSWER >>> normal biota in an unusual site. Antiphagocytic factors produced by microorganisms include all of the following EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWER >>> erythrocytes the following are direct virulence factors except - CORRECT ANSWER >>> capsules that prevent ** A) Double stranded DNA B) Single stranded DNA C) Double stranded RNA The drug used for several protozoan infections is - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Metronidazole There are fewer antifungal, anti-protozoan and anti-helminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi, protozoa and helminths - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat - CORRECT ANSWER >>> HIV Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis work without targeting mammalian cells because mammals must get folic acid from their diet. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> True A superinfection occurs when antibiotic use destroys normal microbiota that was keeping pathogens in check and the pathogens are now able to cause infection - CORRECT ANSWER >>> True Which of the following is NOT an adhesion mechanism that bacteria use to attach to a host? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> envelope spikes puncture cells for entry Endogenous infections are caused by - CORRECT ANSWER >>> normal biota in an unusual site. Antiphagocytic factors produced by microorganisms include all of the following EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWER >>> erythrocytes the following are direct virulence factors except - CORRECT ANSWER >>> capsules that prevent phagocytosis Exotoxins differ from endotoxins in that exotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER >>> are secreted from living cells.
A disease where a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short period of time within a geographical region - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Epidemic disease Mortality rate measures the number of people with infections. Morbidity rate measures the number of deaths in a population. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> False Which of the following is NOT correct regarding host defenses? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Fourth line of defense provides long-term immunity. Identify the specific defense from the list that follows. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> T-lymphocytes Granulocytes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> include neutrophils. Inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. Redness matches the Latin term - CORRECT ANSWER >>> rubor The chief functions of the inflammatory response include - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A) bringing immune components to injury via cytokines. B) initiate mechanisms to repair tissue. C) destroy and block invasion of microbes. D) all of the above - correct Monocytes leave the marrow via the bloodstream. As they enter tissues, they mature and become - CORRECT ANSWER >>> macrophages Fever - CORRECT ANSWER >>> increases the rapidity of the host immune responses. The following cells perform phagocytosis except - CORRECT ANSWER >>> T-cells
Vaccines typically can use any of the following EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWER >>> live, virulent microbes. An advantage of attenuated live preparations in vaccines is that - CORRECT ANSWER >>> they usually require fewer boosters. This microbe infects and destroys T helper cells, which leads to immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> HIV Which Gram (+) pathogen produces a toxin that kills cells leading to a gray pseudomembrane to form in the nose and throat? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Corynebacterium diphtheriae The following pathogen is not a sexually transmitted disease **- CORRECT ANSWER
** Trypanosoma brucei This dsDNA virus uses the virulence factors E6 and E7 to cause cancer **- CORRECT ANSWER ** HPV This virus invades and spreads to the skin, which results in a rash all over the body. After a latency period it reemerges causing a single stripe rash on one side of the body. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Varicella Zoster Virus Unlike SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 has a longer incubation period and can cause a loss of taste and smell. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> False Mowing over dead rodents infected with this pathogen can aerosolize it leading to an indirect infection? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Francisella tularensis
This endospore forming Gram (+) bacillus causes papules on the skin that can become black ulcers - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Bacillus anthracis The following is not a eukaryotic pathogen - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Borrelia burgdorferi E. coli use a toxin known as shiga toxin. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> True This endospore forming bacterial pathogen secretes toxins that block release of acetylcholine from neurons, which prevents muscle contraction. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Clostridium botulinum This Gram (+) bacterium can be found in pairs or long chains of cocci and causes diseases like scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome. **- CORRECT ANSWER
** Streptococcus pyogenes Which microbe has a cyst with 4 nuclei and a pear shaped trophozoite with 2 nuclei and 4 flagella? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Giardia duodenali Which pathogen does not use an exotoxin as its main virulence factor **- CORRECT ANSWER ** HIV Which of the following viruses has a segmented genome? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Influenza virus Which of the following microbes does not target the nervous system? **- CORRECT ANSWER ** Bordetella pertussis
Correct order for Gram Stain - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol/acetone, safranin Function of bacterial endospores - CORRECT ANSWER >>> protection of genetic material during harsh conditions Plasmids - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Often carry genes that given an advantage Peptidoglycan - CORRECT ANSWER >>> is a macromolecule containing alternating Nacetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetymuramic acid cross-linked by short peptide fragments Fimbriae - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the appendage used for adherence and formation of biofilms Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell envelope component of - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Gram- negative bacteria If bacteria living in seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent cells from rupturing is the - CORRECT ANSWER >>> cell wall Bacteria that have flagella on both ends of the cell - CORRECT ANSWER >>> amphitrichous If bacteria invade the body, the cell structure that would protect them from being eaten by white blood cells is the - CORRECT ANSWER >>> capsule T/F - Gram positive bacteria have mycolic acid cell walls - CORRECT ANSWER >>> F
The following statement is false about viral DNA A - it can be double stranded B - It can be single stranded C - Host RNA polymerase is used to make viral RNA from viral DNA D - Viral RNA replication is performed by host DNA dependent RNA polymerase - CORRECT ANSWER >>> D Naked animal viruses - CORRECT ANSWER >>> enter by endocytosis and exit by cell lysis A viral capsid is made of - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Capsomere All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except A - located between the capsid and nucleic acid B - Gained as a virus leaves the nuclear membrane C - Contain special viral proteins D - Can fuse with the host membrane during penetration E - Gained as a virus leaves the host cell membrane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A The following is true of bacteriophage except A - they infect bacteria B - they lyse the bacterial cell when they exit C - Only temperate phage can enter the lysogenic phase D - during the lytic phase they use their own viral enzymes for biosynthesis E - During infection only the genome enters the host - CORRECT ANSWER >>> D
Prion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> infections agent that is only composed of protein A plasmid may - CORRECT ANSWER >>> replication independent of the chromosome, be transferred cell-to-cell during conjugation and be integrated into the chromosome Nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> HIV genome synthesis, DNA virus DNA synthesis Cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER >>> DNA virus protein synthesis Cell membrane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> viral entry through endocytosis Virulent bacteriophage enter bacteria cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>> via injecting DNA and always exit the cell by lysis Penicillin - CORRECT ANSWER >>> drug used to treat the bacterium Treponema Pallidum (which causes syphilis) by disrupting its cell wall Sulfa drugs work on - CORRECT ANSWER >>> folic acid production Fluoroquinolone - CORRECT ANSWER >>> drug disrupts gyrase and topoisomerase IV of bacteria, but can have dangerous side effects such as seizures and ruptured aorta Not a mode of action of antiviral drugs - CORRECT ANSWER >>> block synthesis of cell wall T/F - Metronidazole is an anti-helminth drug - CORRECT ANSWER >>> False
Each of the following can be passed onto a newborn except A - Toxoplasmosis B - Rubella C - Cytomegalovirus D - Herpes Simplex E - Salmonella enterica - CORRECT ANSWER >>> E T/F - Endotoxin is shed by Gram (+) bacteria - CORRECT ANSWER >>> False The microbiome is involved in which line of defense? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Barriers Neurophils - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Most numerous WBCs that are very phagocytic and a main component of pus All of the following are agranulocytes except A - lymphocytes B - Monocytes C - Dendritic Cells D - Basophils E - All of the above are agranulocytes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> D Diapedesis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> process where white blood cells squeeze through blood capillaries to damaged tissue T/F - TNF increases chemotaxis and induces fever - CORRECT ANSWER >>> True
Clonal selection - CORRECT ANSWER >>> process of B & T cells binding to foreign antigens and becoming activated IgA - CORRECT ANSWER >>> antibody class that is found as a monomer or dimer and can be passed to the baby via breastmilk Cytotoxic T-cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>> secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells 3rd line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER >>> specificity and memory Taenia solium (Tapeworm) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This multicellular pathogen contains a hooked scolex as well as proglottids full of eggs Rabies Virus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> An enveloped single stranded negative senseRNA virus that is shaped like a bullet. Borrelia burgdorferi - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This Gram-negative spirochetes utilize periplasmic flagella to move throughout the host Giardia duodenali (lamblia) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This protozoan pathogen forms a cyst with four nuclei, but becomes trophozoites that have 2 nuclei and flagella Streptococcua pyogenes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This Gram (+) aerotolerant bacterium is typically found as diplococci; however, it can be found as streptococci in liquid media Influenza Virus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The antigenic shift and drift of this organisms HA &
NA virulence factors allows it to evade immune recognition and could result in a pandemic. segmented (-) ssRNA genome Listeria monocytogenes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This Gram (+) bacterium utilizes ActA to move around within a cell and to help it invade adjacent cells HPV - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This pathogen uses viral proteins E6 and E7 to transform cells into tumors Streptococcus pneumoniae - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This Gram (+) bacterium uses a capsule to prevent phagocytosis and an IgA protease to disrupt the IgA class of antibodies E. coli - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The Gram (-) bacterium utilizes a Shiga toxin and siderophores that can lead to bloody diarrhea Corynebacterium diphtheriae - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This pathogen releases a toxin that causes a gray pseudomembrane in the throat Bordetella pertussis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This pathogens toxins paralyze the respiratory cilia, which results in a distinctive "whoop"sound during coughing spells Clostridium tetani - CORRECT ANSWER >>> When this Gram (+)bacterium germinates in the host, it will release a toxin that results in lock jaw, muscle spasm, seizures and headaches Herpes Simplex 1 & 2 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This dsDNA virus hides in your ganglia during latency, but can reemerge as sore & blisters near the affected area when you are stressed Neisseria meningitidis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This Gram (-) diplococci causes stiff neck, light sensitivity, fever, headache, nausea and vomiting
Varicella Zoster Virus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This enveloped double strandedDNA virus can be prevented with the Varivax vaccine; however, if you were already infected, then the reemergence of the virus is prevented with the Shingrix vaccine Salmonella enterica - CORRECT ANSWER >>> This Gram (-) bacterium causes bloody diarrhea, and is treated with fluid replacement.Antibiotics are only used if the individual is immune compromised Microbes that are transmitted via insect vectors - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Plasmodium sp, Borrelia burgdorferi, Trypanosoma brucei Which microbes use an exotoxin as a main virulence factor - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Bordetella pertussis, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, ,Corynebacterium diphtheriae Microbes that are Gram (-) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Salmonella enterica, Francisella tularensis, Bordetella pertussis Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems,monobactams), Glycopeptides (vancomycin), Bacitracin Drugs that inhibit nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) structure and function (synthesis) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> DNA - Fluoroquinolones (-floxacin) RNA - Rifamycin (rifampin) Drugs that inhibit protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 30S - aminoglycoside, tetracycline 50S - macrolides, lincosamides, chloramphenicol, oxazolindinones Drugs that interfere with cell membrane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Polymoxcin, colistin, Lipopeptide (daptomycin)
Drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Folic Acid - sulfonamides, sulfones, trimethoprim Mycolic Acid - izoniazid
