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BIO 121 FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS
& CORRECT ANSWERS (WELL VERIFIED) NEWEST
VERSION
In 6C6H12O6 there are ________ oxygen atoms? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 36 The molecular mass of Na2CO3 is... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 106 In the equation 2H2 + 02 ---> 2H2O.... A. H2, O2, and H2O are all compounds B. H2, O2, and H2O are all elements C. Only H2 and O2 are compounds D. Only H2O is a compound - CORRECT ANSWER >>> D. Only H2O is a compound The tendency of water molecules to stick with another molecule other than water is.... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Adhesion Which is less dense, solid water or liquid water? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Liquid water-the molecules can fit closer together because they are breaking and reforming, unlike ice molecules pH of 3 is how many times more acidic than pH of 6? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1000x more Covalent Bonds - CORRECT ANSWER >>> share electrons Ionic Bonds - CORRECT ANSWER >>> accept electrons
What does the body NOT break down for energy? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> RNA 3 most common atoms in our body - CORRECT ANSWER >>> hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon Which of the following contains a carboxyl group and an amino group? A. Amino acid B. Fat C. Sugar D. Vinegar - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A. Amino acid Which of the following statements about dehydration synthesis (condensation) is FALSE? A. One monomer loses hydrogen atoms, other hydroxyl group B. H2O is formed as the monomers are joined C. Covalent bonds are formed between monomers D. Animal digestive systems utilize to break down food - CORRECT ANSWER >>> D. Animal digestive systems utilize to break down food An oil may be converted into a substance that is solid at room temperature by - CORRECT ANSWER >>> adding hydrogen, decreasing the number of double bonds in molecules Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be - CORRECT ANSWER >>> unsaturated Primary structure of a protein is - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain Which of the following are false about nucleotides?
Order in which insulin passes through from its production to its exit from the cell - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Rough ER, transport vesicles, golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, cell membrane Gap Junctions - CORRECT ANSWER >>> connect cytoplasm of 2 cells and allows molecules, ions, and electric impulses Tight Juntctions - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Prevents cell leakage Anchoring Junctions - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Proteins fasten cells together What part of the cell is responsible for ATP? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Mitochondria What part of the cell is responsible for lipids and proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> ER Thermodynamics First Law - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Energy can be transformed and transferred, but cannot be destroyed or created. Thermodynamics Second Law - CORRECT ANSWER >>> In each energy transformation, some energy is lost in the form of heat When a cell uses chemical energy to perform work, it uses the energy released from a(n) ________ reaction to drive a(n) ________ reaction. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> exergonic, endergonic When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> it lowers the activation energy of the reaction
Substrates bind to an enzyme's ______ site. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Active Heating inactivates enzymes by - CORRECT ANSWER >>> changing the enzyme's threedimensional shape by breaking peptide bonds Which of the following processes is endergonic? A. Burning of wood B. Breakdown of glucose C. The synthesis of glucose form carbon dioxide to water D. Cellular Respiration - CORRECT ANSWER >>> C. the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water Catalysts - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Speed up/start chemical reactions and lower the activation level Enzyme Competitive Inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Competing for one active site Non-competitive inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Two sites that fit perfect (allosteric site) Feedback Inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Substrate becomes product to feedback into enzyme to change shape Solute - CORRECT ANSWER >>> subject being dissolved Solute - CORRECT ANSWER >>> subject doing the dissolving
B. CO
C. Na+ D. a small, nonpolar molecule - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Na+ (charged ion) Diffusion does not require the cell to expand ATP. Therefore, diffusion is **- CORRECT ANSWER
** Passive transport You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean, and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding seawater. As a result, - CORRECT ANSWER >>> You dehydrate yourself Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ___________ and moves a substance ________ its concentration gradient. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> transport proteins, down The carrier molecules used in active transport - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Proteins Autotrophs - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Producers "self-feeders" Inorganic to organic molecules Heterotrophs - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Consumers "other feeders" Depend on producers to supply energy and molecules If a substance has more electrons.... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> it has more potential energy Redox reaction - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Reaction involving electron transfers Oxidation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> loss of electrons
Reduction - CORRECT ANSWER >>> addition of electrons Catabolic reaction - CORRECT ANSWER >>> breaking down into smaller pieces Anaerobic - CORRECT ANSWER >>> No oxygen needed Aerobic - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Oxygen needed Glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Breaking down of glucose molecules
- Four ATP molecules are produced
- Two pyruvate produced Preparatory Step (Pyruvate conversion) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Two pyruvic acid molecules diffuse into mitochondria with the help of coenzyme A, losing CO2 molecules to form an acetyl group Krebs Cycle - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Finish breakdown of pyruvic acid molecules into ATP and produce CO2 as a by-product (releasing more energy)
- Produces 4 CO2 molecules and 2 ATP molecules Electron Transport Chain (ATP Synthase) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Step by step "walk" of electrons down energy staircase which unlocks small amounts of energy from glucose as it is broken down During chemiosmosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase.
Guard cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>> open and closes stomate Palisade Mesophyll - CORRECT ANSWER >>> contains 70% of chloroplast (long cells) first shot at sunlight Spongy Mesohyll - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cells are more spread out to create air pockets for gas exchange Chlorophyll a - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Blue-violet and red pigment reflect green Chlorophyll b - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Blue-orange reflects olive green Photosystem - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Collection of pigment molecules (chlorophyll) Photolysis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Light hits a water molecule and splits it into oxygen atoms, hydrogen ions, and electrons Thylakoid membrane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - 2 photosystems
- ETC Calvin Cycle - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Goes around twice and is located in the stoma Transpiration - CORRECT ANSWER >>> water (cohesion) leaving the stoma Oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Water
Addition of oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to RuBP results in... **- CORRECT ANSWER
** photorespiration The Calvin cycle constructs ________, an energy-rich molecule that a plant cell can then use to make glucose or other organic molecules to help regenerate RuBP. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> G3P What is the main adaptive advantage of the C4 and CAM photosynthesis strategies over the C strategy? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> They help the plant synthesize glucose efficiently under ANY conditions C4 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> bundle sheaths CAM - CORRECT ANSWER >>> stoma opens at night, closes during the day Eukaryote - CORRECT ANSWER >>> have genome distributed across many chromosomes Chromatin - CORRECT ANSWER >>> contains DNA Histones - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Maintain chromosome structure Interphase - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Duplication of cell contents G1 Phase(first gap) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> growth, increase in cytoplasm S Phase (DNA synthesis) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> duplication of chromosomes
Prophase I - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. crossing-over occurs. Synapsis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> chromosomes line up with the homologous pair Crossing over - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Strands of tetrad can twist and exchange segments Metaphase I - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Homologous pairs line up in the middle on the metaphase plate. Anaphase I - CORRECT ANSWER >>> (disjunction) homologous pairs separate Telophase I - CORRECT ANSWER >>> (cytokinesis occurs) chromosomes gather into the nuclei, original cells divide Which of the following statements is false? A. Meiosis only occurs in ovaries and testes B. All sexual life cycles involve alternate diploid and haploid cells C. Mitosis produces daughter cells with 1/2 chromosomes parent cells D. Normal human zygote has 46 chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> D. Mitosis produces daughter cells with 1/2 chromosomes of parent cells Which is false about mitosis? A. Mitosis allows organisms to grow B. Mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity C. Mitosis allows organisms to reproduce asexually
D. Mitosis allows organisms to repair tissue - CORRECT ANSWER >>> B. Mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity Which of the two genotypes would have the same phenotype? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** Homozygous dominant and heterozygous Sex-linked - CORRECT ANSWER >>> most males have it Autosomal - CORRECT ANSWER >>> if it is 50-50 ratio between male and female Semi-conservative replication - CORRECT ANSWER >>> (part old, part new) 2 strands separate helicase break nitrogenous bases down 3' to 5' leading strand - CORRECT ANSWER >>> DNA can read template and add nucleotides 5' to 3' lagging stand - CORRECT ANSWER >>> DNA cannot read template Okazaki fragments - CORRECT ANSWER >>> small fragments of DNA made on the lagging strand Nuclease enzyme - CORRECT ANSWER >>> repairs any mistakes Which enzyme replaces DNA Polymerase III, removes RNA, and replaces it with DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> DNA Polymerase I When DNA is extracted from the cells of E.Coli and analyzed for base composition, it is found that 34% of the bases are guanine. What percentage of the bases would make up thymine? -
Nonsense Gene Mutation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> (drastic effects) Ex. stop codon = stops/shortens protein Frameshift Mutation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> inserting and deleting base/nucleotides Chromosomal Mutation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> change in the structure of all or parts of the chromosome or in the number of chromosomes Polyploidy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Multiple of total chromosome number Nondisjunction - CORRECT ANSWER >>> addition/loss of whole chromosome Lytic DNA Virus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Destroys cells Lysogenic DNA Virus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Does not destroy cells Each of the 3 kinds of RNA are produced in the... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> nucleus DNA code for an amino acid consist of... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 3 nitrogenous bases taken from 4 possible bases ______ molecules carry protein-assembly instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mRNA The function of tRNA molecules is to... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> transport amino acids to mRNA
The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called... **- CORRECT ANSWER
** transcription We would expect that a 15-nucleotide sequence that includes a stop codon at the end (as part of the 15-nucleotide sequence) will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 4 amino acids (NOT 5) Gene expression - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the overall process of information flow from genes to proteins Gene regulation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the turning on and off of genes The control of gene expression by gene regulation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> allows cells to produce specific kinds of proteins when and where they are needed A mutation in this section of DNA could influence the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> promoter A gene operon consists of... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> transcribed genes, operator, and a promoter ** Does not destroy cells Each of the 3 kinds of RNA are produced in the... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> nucleus DNA code for an amino acid consist of... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 3 nitrogenous bases taken from 4 possible bases ______ molecules carry protein-assembly instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mRNA The function of tRNA molecules is to... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> transport amino acids to mRNA The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> transcription We would expect that a 15-nucleotide sequence that includes a stop codon at the end (as part of the 15-nucleotide sequence) will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 4 amino acids (NOT 5) Gene expression - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the overall process of information flow from genes to proteins Gene regulation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the turning on and off of genes The control of gene expression by gene regulation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> allows cells to produce specific kinds of proteins when and where they are needed A mutation in this section of DNA could influence the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> promoter A gene operon consists of... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> transcribed genes, operator, and a promoter The lac operon in E. Coli - CORRECT ANSWER >>> prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being ** nucleus DNA code for an amino acid consist of... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 3 nitrogenous bases taken from 4 possible bases ______ molecules carry protein-assembly instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mRNA The function of tRNA molecules is to... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> transport amino acids to mRNA The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> transcription We would expect that a 15-nucleotide sequence that includes a stop codon at the end (as part of the 15-nucleotide sequence) will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 4 amino acids (NOT 5) Gene expression - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the overall process of information flow from genes to proteins Gene regulation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the turning on and off of genes The control of gene expression by gene regulation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> allows cells to produce specific kinds of proteins when and where they are needed A mutation in this section of DNA could influence the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> promoter A gene operon consists of... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> transcribed genes, operator, and a promoter The lac operon in E. Coli - CORRECT ANSWER >>> prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being expressed when lactose is absent from the environment In female mammals, the inactive X-chromosome in each cell - CORRECT ANSWER >>> becomes a Barr body
Enzymes which are used to cut genes in recombinant DNA research are called? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> restriction enzymes
