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BIO |! 1001 |! latoya |! paul |! exam |! 2 |! with |!
precise |! detailed |! answers
Cell |! common |! features |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔plasma |! membrane, |! cytoplasm, |! DNA |! as |! hereditary |! blueprint, |! RNA |! to |! copy |! the |! genetic |! blueprint |! and |! guide |! construction |! of |! protiens Energy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔capacity |! to |! do |! work, |! available |! in |! bonds |! of |! molecules, |! potential |! and |! kinetic work |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! transfer |! of |! energy |! to |! an |! object |! by |! using |! a |! force |! that |! causes |! it |! to |! move potential |! energy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔stored |! energy, |! includes |! chemical |! energy. kinetic |! energy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔energy |! of |! movement, |! radiant under |! the |! right |! conditions, |! ___ |! and |! ___ |! energy |! can |! be |! interconverted |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔potential, |! kinetic
first |! law |! of |! thermodynamics |! or |! the |! law |! of |! conservation |! of |! energy. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔energy |! can |! neither |! be |! created |! nor |! destroyed, |! within |! closed |! or |! isolated |! systems, |! total |! amount |! is |! unchanged second |! law |! of |! thermodynamics |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔energy |! conversion |! proceeds |! from |! more |! useful |! to |! less |! useful |! forms, |! not |! 100% |! efficient, |! when |! potential |! energy |! of |! gas |! is |! converted |! to |! move |! a |! car. |! lost |! has |! heat. Entropy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔whenever |! energy |! is |! used, |! complexity |! and |! organized |! are |! lost, |! same |! number |! of |! atoms |! but |! overall |! increase |! in |! simple |! product |! molecule, |! energy |! must |! be |! added |! to |! the |! system |! to |! restore |! order. living |! things |! use |! the |! continuous |! influx |! of |! ______ |! from |! the |! sun |! to |! create |! low- entropy |! condition |! of |! life. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔light |! energy in |! creating |! _____ |! in |! the |! form |! of |! sunlight, |! the |! sun |! also |! produces |! vast |! entropy |! as |! heat. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔kinetic |! energy chemical |! reaction |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔process |! that |! breaks |! and |! forms |! the |! chemical |! bonds |! that |! hold |! atoms |! together. chemical |! reactions |! convert |! one |! combination |! of |! molecules, |! ___ |! into |! different |! molecules, |! ___ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔reactants, |! products all |! ___ |! transfer |! energy |! and |! release |! some |! heat. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔chemical |! reactions
it |! must |! first |! be |! transferred |! to |! ____ |! molecules. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔energy- carrier energy |! carrier |! molecules |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔high-energy |! molecules |! synthesized |! at |! the |! site |! of |! an |! exergonic |! reaction, |! where |! they |! capture |! some |! of |! the |! released |! energy. energy |! carrier |! molecules |! capture |! and |! release |! energy |! only |! ___ |! cells. |! these |! molecules |! can |! ferry |! energy |! through |! cell |! membrane. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔within energy |! carrier |! molecules |! are |! not |! used |! for |! _____ |! energy |! storage. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔long-term Adenosine |! Triphosphate |! (ATP) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔most |! common |! energy |! carrier, |! nucleotide |! composed |! of |! nitrogenous |! base |! adenine, |! ribose, |! and |! three |! phosphate |! groups. |! provides |! energy |! to |! drive |! various |! endergonic |! reactions. ATP |! synthesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Energy |! from |! exergonic |! reactions |! (such |! as |! sugar |! breakdown) |! is |! used |! to |! combine |! lower-energy |! molecules |! of |! Pi |! with |! adenosine |! diphosphate |! (ADP) in |! atp |! synthesis |! there |! is |! a |! net |! input |! of |! energy; |! therefore, |! it |! is |! ___ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔endergonic
ATP |! breakdown |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Energy |! in |! high-energy |! phosphate |! bonds |! is |! liberated, |! regenerating |! ADP |! and |! Pi. |! There |! is |! a |! net |! output |! of |! energy; |! therefore, |! it |! is |! exergonic. |! Used |! to |! drive |! endergonic |! reactions |! throughout |! the |! cell in |! some |! exergonic |! reactions, |! some |! energy |! is |! transferred |! to |! ___. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔electrons the |! energetic |! electrons, |! are |! captured |! by |! ___. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔electron |! carriers electron |! carriers |! donate |! high-energy |! electrons |! to |! other |! molecules, |! often |! involved |! in |! pathways |! that |! generate |! ___ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ATP coupled |! reactions |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔An |! exergonic |! reaction |! provides |! energy |! needed |! to |! drive |! an |! endergonic |! reaction, |! using |! energy |! carriers |! as |! intermediaries Exergonic |! and |! endergonic |! portions |! of |! coupled |! reactions |! often |! occur |! in |! ___ |! within |! a |! cell, |! hence |! the |! need |! for |! energy |! carriers |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔different |! places Catalysts |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔speed |! the |! rate |! of |! reaction |! by |! reducing |! its |! activation |! energy, |! are |! neither |! used |! up |! nor |! permanently |! altered
metabolic |! pathway |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sequence |! of |! linked |! metabolic |! reactions, |! starting |! reactant |! molecule |! is |! converted, |! via |! an |! enzyme, |! into |! an |! intermediary, |! which |! is |! converted, |! via |! another |! enzyme, |! to |! a |! second |! intermediary, |! and |! so |! on |! until |! an |! end |! product |! is |! produced photosynthesis |! and |! glucose |! breakdown |! are |! examples |! of? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔metabolic |! pathways different |! metabolic |! pathways |! often |! involve |! some |! of |! the |! same |! ___. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔molecules thousands |! of |! metabolic |! pathways |! are |! directly |! or |! indirectly |! ___. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔interconnected what |! is |! influenced |! by |! the |! concentration |! of |! enzymes, |! substrate, |! or |! both? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔reaction |! rate what |! must |! regulate |! when |! and |! at |! what |! rate |! reactions |! occur, |! even |! when |! concentrations |! fluctuate? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔living |! cells what |! are |! codes |! for |! enzymes |! may |! be |! turned |! on |! or |! off? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔genes enzymes |! may |! be |! synthesized |! in |! what |! form? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔inactive
substrates |! may |! be |! inhibited |! from |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔binding substrates |! (sometimes |! end |! products) |! may |! ____ |! or |! inhibit |! enzymes. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔activate For |! a |! given |! amount |! of |! enzyme, |! as |! _____ |! levels |! increase, |! the |! ____ |! rate |! will |! increase |! until |! the |! active |! sites |! of |! all |! the |! enzyme |! molecules |! are |! being |! continuously |! occupied |! by |! new |! substrate |! molecules |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔substrate, |! reaction in |! which |! ways |! are |! metabolic |! pathways |! controlled? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔control |! of |! enzyme |! synthesis, |! which |! regulates |! availability, |! control |! of |! enzyme |! activity. gene |! that |! ____ |! for |! specific |! enzymes |! are |! turned |! on |! and |! off |! according |! to |! the |! cell's |! changing |! needs. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔code when |! there |! is |! an |! increase |! in |! substrates |! may |! be |! triggered |! causing |! what |! to |! happen? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔glucose |! enters |! bloodstream when |! some |! enzymes |! are |! synthesized |! only |! during |! specific |! life |! stage, |! what |! happens? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔lactase |! production |! in |! infancy some |! enzymes |! are |! synthesized |! in |! what |! form? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔inactive
Metabolic |! pathway |! stops |! producing |! the |! end |! product |! when |! product |! concentration |! reaches |! optimal |! level Thermostat-like Some |! ____ |! are |! competitive |! or |! noncompetitive |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔poisons Nerve |! gases |! and |! insecticides |! permanently |! block |! the |! active |! site |! (competitively |! inhibit) |! of |! ___. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholine |! builds |! up, |! overstimulating |! muscles |! and |! causing |! ___. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔paralysis Arsenic, |! mercury, |! lead, |! and |! potassium |! cyanide |! act |! as |! ___ |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔noncompetitive Many |! drugs |! are |! ___ |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔competitive Penicillin |! inhibits |! enzyme |! needed |! to |! ___ |! bacterial |! cell |! walls |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔synthesize Statins |! inhibit |! in |! ____ |! cholesterol-synthesizing |! pathway |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔enzyme
Aspirin |! and |! ibuprofen |! inhibit |! enzyme |! involved |! in |! ___,____,____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔swelling, |! pain, |! and |! fever Many |! anticancer |! drugs |! inhibit |! enzymes |! required |! to |! duplicate |! ____ |! (in |! actively |! dividing |! cells |! of |! patient |! as |! well) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔DNA Environmental |! conditions |! influence |! ___. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔enzyme |! activity Three-dimensional |! structure |! of |! an |! enzyme |! is |! sensitive |! to____ |! and |! temperature |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔pH When |! outside |! the |! proper |! range, |! the |! enzyme |! becomes |! ___ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔denatured Loss |! of |! exact |! three-dimensional |! structure |! is |! required |! for |! proper_____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔functioning what |! (refrigeration, |! freezing, |! salt) |! slows |! enzyme-catalyzed |! reactions |! that |! allow |! bacteria |! and |! fungi |! to |! grow |! and |! reproduce? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Preservation All |! the |! membranes |! of |! a |! cell |! have |! a |! similar |! basic |! structure |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Proteins |! suspended |! in |! or |! attached |! to |! phospholipid |! bilayer Otherwise, |! membranes |! differ |! among |! tissue |! types |! and |! environments
___ |! heads |! form |! hydrogen |! bonds |! with |! water |! molecules |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Hydrophilic Hydrophobic |! tails |! cluster___ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔within At |! body |! temperature, |! phospholipids |! shift |! about |! rapidly |! therefore... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Phospholipids |! are |! not |! bonded |! together Fluidity |! of |! the |! membranes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Allows |! shock |! absorption, |! membranes |! to |! merge, |! for |! cell |! shape |! change Cholesterol |! and |! saturation |! of |! fatty |! acids |! help |! stabilize |! membranes |! which |! ... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Reduce |! fluidity |! at |! higher |! temperatures Increase |! fluidity |! at |! lower |! temperatures what |! does |! Cholesterol |! reduces |! permeability |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Gives |! cell |! greater |! control |! over |! substances |! entering |! and |! leaving Hydrophobic |! molecules |! can |! readily |! diffuse |! through |! the |! ___ |! bilayer |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔phospholipid Many |! molecules |! used |! by |! cells |! are |! hydrophilic |! |! therefore... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cannot |! move |! through |! nonpolar, |! hydrophobic |! fatty |! acid |! tails
Movement |! of |! these |! molecules |! relies |! on |! the |! mosaic |! of |! membrane-associated |! proteins Five |! major |! categories |! of |! membrane |! proteins: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Enzymes Recognition |! proteins Transport |! proteins Receptor |! proteins Connection |! proteins Glycoproteins |! (glyco, |! "sweet") |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Membrane |! proteins |! that |! bear |! carbohydrate |! groups |! from |! the |! outer |! member |! surface Enzymes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Promote |! chemical |! reactions |! that |! synthesize |! or |! break |! apart |! biological |! molecules Recognition |! proteins: |! Glycoproteins |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Carbohydrates |! attached |! to |! membrane |! proteins Project |! from |! outer |! membrane |! surface |! of |! the |! cell Serve |! as |! identification |! tags what |! do |! Transport |! proteins |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Span |! bilayer Regulate |! movement |! of |! hydrophilic |! molecules |! across |! membrane Some |! form |! pores |! or |! channels Can |! be |! opened |! or |! closed
An |! organism |! living |! at |! the |! equator |! has |! more |! saturated |! phospholipids |! in |! its |! cell |! membranes |! than |! an |! organism |! living |! at |! the |! South |! Pole. |! Why? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔In |! cold |! climates, |! more |! unsaturated |! fats |! with |! kinked |! tails |! are |! needed |! to |! maintain |! the |! fluidity |! of |! the |! cell |! membranes. The |! phospholipid |! tails |! of |! a |! cell |! membrane |! face |! one |! another |! because |! _____. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔they |! are |! hydrophobic—repelled |! by |! water Solute |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sustance |! that |! can |! be |! dissolved |! (dispersed |! into |! individual |! atoms, |! molecules, |! or |! ions) |! in |! a |! solvent Solvent |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔fluid |! capable |! of |! dissolving |! a |! solute Concentration |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔amount |! of |! solute |! in |! a |! given |! volume |! of |! solvent Gradient |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔difference |! in |! certain |! property |! (temperature, |! pressure, |! charge, |! concentration) |! between |! two |! adjacent |! regions Diffusion |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Net |! movement |! of |! solutes |! from |! regions |! of |! high |! concentration |! to |! regions |! of |! low |! concentration, |! or |! "down" |! their |! concentration |! gradient Produced, |! over |! time, |! by |! motion |! of |! solutes Eventually |! solutes |! will |! be |! evenly |! dispersed Sped |! by |! increasing |! concentration |! gradient |! or |! temperature
Cells |! must |! generate |! and |! maintain |! ___ |! to |! stay |! alive |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔concentration |! gradients Plasma |! membranes |! are |!? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔selectively |! permeable selectively |! permeable |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Proteins |! allow |! only |! specific |! solutes |! to |! permeate, |! helping |! maintain |! concentration |! gradients Substances |! are |! allowed |! to |! permeate |! in |! two |! ways |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Passive |! transport Energy-requiring |! transport Passive |! transport: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔diffusion |! of |! substances |! down |! their |! concentration |! gradient. |! Diffusion |! of |! substances |! down |! their |! gradients. |! Does |! not |! require |! energy. |! Includes Simple |! diffusion |! Facilitated |! diffusion Osmosis Energy-requiring |! transport: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cell |! must |! expend |! energy |! to |! move |! substances |! across |! membranes Simple |! diffusion |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Direct |! diffusion |! through |! the |! phospholipid |! bilayer Very |! small |! molecules |! with |! no |! net |! charge. Lipid-soluble |! molecules
occur? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔From |! a |! region |! of |! high |! water |! concentration |! (fewer |! solutes) |! to |! one |! of |! low |! water |! concentration |! (more |! solutes) Isotonic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Solution |! with |! equal |! concentrations Water |! moves |! equally |! in |! both |! directions; |! no |! net |! movement Hypertonic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Greater |! concentration |! of |! solute Hypotonic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔More |! dilute |! concentration |! of |! solute what |! is |! critical |! to |! many |! biological |! processes? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Osmosis during |! osmosis |! Water |! uptake |! by |! roots, |! absorption |! of |! dietary |! water |! by |! intestines, |! reclamation |! of |! water |! in |! ___. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔kidneys In |! isotonic |! solution |! (like |! the |! interstitial |! fluid |! of |! animals), |! there |! is |! no |! net |! movement |! of |! ___. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔water When |! a |! cell |! is |! placed |! in |! a |! ___ |! solution, |! water |! leaves |! the |! cell, |! causing |! it |! to |! shrivel. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔hypertonic When |! a |! cell |! is |! placed |! in |! a |! ___ |! solution, |! water |! enters |! the |! cell, |! causing |! it |! to |! swell |! and |! eventually |! burst |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔hypotonic
Most |! plant |! cells |! have |! a |! large |! central |! ___ |! with |! many |! aquaporins. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔vacuole The |! vacuole's |! contents |! are |! hypertonic |! to |! the |! surrounding |! ___ |! , |! which |! in |! turn |! is |! usually |! hypertonic |! to |! fluid |! outside |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cytosol what |! flows |! into |! the |! cytosol, |! then |! into |! the |! vacuole? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Water Turgor |! pressure |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Inflates |! the |! cell, |! forcing |! the |! cytosol |! within |! its |! plasma |! membrane |! against |! cell |! wall Without |! water, |! plants |! lose |! turgor |! and |! wilt Energy-requiring |! transport |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cell |! must |! expend |! energy |! to |! move |! substances |! across |! membranes Crucial |! for |! maintaining |! gradients, |! acquiring |! food, |! excreting |! wastes, |! cell-to- cell |! communication what |! are |! energy-requiring |! transport |! methods? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Active |! transport Endocytosis Exocytosis Active |! transport |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Energy |! is |! spent |! to |! move |! molecules |! against |! their |! gradient, |! Builds |! potential
