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What kingdom is Oomycota in? - ✔✔stramenopila What disease caused the irish potato famine? - ✔✔late blight of potato caused by the Oomycete Phytophtora infestans Oomycetes are true fungi - ✔✔False What are Oomycetes cell walls made of? - ✔✔Cellulose Are Oomycetes haploid or diploid? - ✔✔Diploid Do Oomycetes have septa? - ✔✔No Oomycetes are derived from algae not fungi - ✔✔True In the 1840s half the population depended on potatoes to survive - ✔✔True How many potatoes did the typical Irish family consume per week? - ✔✔250 pounds a week, 6 lbs a day What does the word "blight" mean? - ✔✔a plant disease, typically one caused by fungi such as mildews, rusts, and smuts. How long did the potato famine last? - ✔✔15 years How many people died from the famine? - ✔✔One million
Anton de Bary - ✔✔proved late blight was caused by a fungus in 1861 What was the fungus called? - ✔✔Phytophthora infestans How did the fungus target the plants - ✔✔1. zoospores propelled by 2 flagella and can swim inches
- enzymes secreted kills plant tissue How many Americans are from Irish decent? - ✔✔36.9 million (11.9 %) Outbreak in Germany 1914 - ✔✔1. centralized potatoes in large cities to help w war
- led to mass starvation
- 700k Germans starved Why was the blight so bad in Europe but fine in America? - ✔✔No resistance or genetic diversity, monoculture Professor Millardet - ✔✔1882, noticed that grapes were sprayed to keep pilferers from stealing were the most healthy grapes.
- Bordeaux mixture Wheat - ✔✔most likely the first cultivated crop in fertile crescent Rusty colored blotches on stems and leaves - ✔✔Urediospore Rust diseases - ✔✔- the bible
- greeks and romans
- dark ages
- septa formed in response to meiotic divisions
- forms sterigmata
- germinate directly or indirectly long distance transport of rust spores - ✔✔possible because of thick pigmented walls to protect them from drying and ultraviolet light Coffee Rust - ✔✔- initially causes premature leaf drop
- when tree matures, it appears normal
- menacing to entire coffee industry Where is coffee grown now? - ✔✔Columbia, Brazil successful in excluding coffee rust Soybean rust - ✔✔- found 5000 years ago in eastern China
- first observed in Japan in 1902 Soybean rust effect - ✔✔- premature loss of foliage
- soybean is an important crop
- contained in most foods Smut, the dirty fungus - ✔✔- member of Basidiomycota
- do not produce fruit
- produce basidia and basidiospores
- seed borne and black powdery spores are the cause of disease What is an introduced species? - ✔✔non native species that adversely affect the habitat it invades economically, environmentally, or ecologically
Examples of Invasive Fungal Diseases - ✔✔Phytophthora infestans: potato famine Helmileia vastatrix: coffee rust Phakospora pakirhizi: soybean rust Chestnut blight - ✔✔- 4 billion prior to epidemic
- came from Japanese and Chinese plants
- fungus pumps out oxalic acid and lowers plant tissue pH, cutting off vascular system Uses for Chestnut trees - ✔✔- food source
- human consumption
- furniture
- leather tanning
- charcoal making
- building/lumber industry 1912 Plant Quarantine Act - ✔✔inspect agricultural products, to organize border quarantines and to restrict entry of infested agricultural goods. How many chestnut trees were affected? - ✔✔blight was spread to 80% in 1940s and they fully succumbed to blight in 1950s hypovirulent - ✔✔a low virulent strain of a known virus less harmful, able to spread, etc Why are Hypovirulent strains not the answer? - ✔✔- sick, grow slowly, sporulate poorly, don't spread Dutch Elm Disease - ✔✔a fungal disease of elm trees that is spread by elm bark beetles in 1919-1930s What caused the dutch elm disease? - ✔✔Ophiostoma ulmi
Dermatophytosis - ✔✔ringworm caused by Dermatophytes (Microsporum, Trichophyton, Edidermophyton) Dimorphic fungus - ✔✔Fungi that are capable of growing in both the mold form and the yeast form ex. thrush or yeast infections Subcutaneous mycoses - ✔✔fungal infections beneath the skin Sporotrichosis - ✔✔farmers, greenhouse workers, home gardeners Histoplasmosis - ✔✔caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, infections start in lungs, flu like symptoms Valley Fever - ✔✔Coccidioidomycosis, cough, fever, respiratory tract Aspergillosis - ✔✔respiratory disease caused by the fungus aspergillus Cryptococcosis - ✔✔Fungal infection associated with AIDS. Involves brain and meninges, lungs, and skin Why is it difficult to treat fungal infections? - ✔✔limited antifungal drugs some are toxic, resistance secondary metabolites - ✔✔organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism Mycotoxin - ✔✔A secondary metabolite produced by a fungus that is toxic to humans and/or animals Turkey X disease - ✔✔death of 100,00 turkeys in England = first time people really realized that fungus can cause illnesses in animals and people Aflatoxins - ✔✔carcinogens produced in fungus-infected grains and nut products
Zearelenone - ✔✔mimics estrogen and causes malformation of female reproductive organs Fumonisins - ✔✔carcinogens produced in fungus-infected corn Trichothecenes - ✔✔fungal toxins that inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells Minimizing mycotoxin contamination - ✔✔1. inspection
- improved storage When was the first recorded outbreak of "Holy Fire"? - ✔✔C.E. 857 in the Rhine Valley What are the symptoms of Holy Fire? - ✔✔swollen blisters rotting flesh burning sensation loss of limbs hallucinations First response to Holy Fire - ✔✔1095, Gaston had a son who was cured by St. Anthony relics. The Order of St. Anthony Hospital - ✔✔dedicated to relief of suffers name of illness changed to "St. Anthony's Fire" 370 were built St. Anthony was the saint of - ✔✔skin diseases and infectious diseases Timeline of Holy Fire to Ergot - ✔✔1670: Thuillier noted disease happened when rye was diseased 1676: Dodart connected sickness and rye
- outlawed in late 60s and 70s 1692: Salem witch trials 1722: Peter the great halted army due to sickness St. Anthony Fire - ✔✔1951: outbreak of disease in France Ergot management - ✔✔rotate crops, fall plowing, rigorous inspection History of fighting infections - ✔✔- chinese using fermented soybeans to fight infection
- Egyptions rubbed moldy bread on wounds Germ Theory - ✔✔the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes Alexander Fleming (1928) - ✔✔discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin penicillin fungus - ✔✔Penicillin is extracted from Penicillium notatum First uses of Penicillin - ✔✔Cecil Paine was first to use on a patient. He never published, no credit Howard Florey and Ernst Chain - ✔✔purified penicillin
- freeze dried to separate impurities Florey and Chain experiment - ✔✔mice 50 made sick with bacteria, half were given penicillin and other had nothing, those who ingested penicillin lived Fleming, Chain, and Florey (1945) - ✔✔nobel prize for penicillin
mode of action for penicillin - ✔✔inhibition of cell wall synthesis allergies to penicillin - ✔✔10% of population Cephalosporins - ✔✔-Structurally and functionally similar to penicillin
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics that can be used by most patients that are allergic to penicillin Griseofulvin - ✔✔Interferes with microtubule function; disrupts mitosis. effective against fungal infections of hair nails and skin Ciliofungin - ✔✔developed to combat Candida albicans, the cause of yeast infections Cyclosporin A - ✔✔depresses active immune system Fleshly mushrooms used medicinally - ✔✔Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) Uses of Shiitake - ✔✔inhibits HIV virus accelerates degeneration of tumor cells Where does indoor fungi thrive? - ✔✔wood, wall paper, dry wall, carpets, ceiling tiles (thrives on plant products) How many different black molds? - ✔✔100s most people mean Stachybotrys chartarum Examples of indoor black molds - ✔✔Cladosporium Penicillium
