Basic Features for Learning Approaches - Psychology of Personality | PSY 353 | Study notes Personality Psychology

Basic Features for Learning Approaches

1. Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience, all behavior is learned

2. Empirical research is cornerstone of theory, no use in intuition

3. Personality is based on principles of learning

4. Relies on situation specificity, behavior is responsive to reinforcements in the environment,

theory does not account for cognition, all environmental stimuli

5. Rejection of the medical model

6. Emphasis is on behavior change through behavior modification and behavior therapy

Four Ways Consequences of Behavior Affect Repeating Behavior

1. Positive Reinforcement – increase in frequency of behavior through things such as rewards

2. Negative Reinforcement – increase frequency of behavior by removing an aversive stimulus, ex.

Hunger pains > feed yourself to remove hunger pains, smoking > stop smoking to remove

anxiety about smoking

3. Punishment – end of a positive stimulus or a response that is followed by an aversive (bad)

stimulus to decrease likelihood of behavior

4. Extinction – remove reinforcers that maintain behavior, learned helplessness

Schedules of Reinforcement

1. Continuous

2. Intermittent – maintains for longer period, less frequent

3. Fixed Ratio Schedule (ex. 3 to 1) ex. Hamster food lever

4. Variable Ratio Schedule ex. Slot machines

5. Fixed Interval Schedule – positive reinforcement after a certain time (time interval)

6. Variable Interval Schedule – if change times everytime

a. Interval more efficient don’t know when it’s coming

Behaviorists view of psychopathology

1. Behavioral pathology is not a disease

a. Instead it’s looked at as the person does not know how to respond appropriately to a

stimuli

b. Fails to learn response or learns maladaptively

c. Behavior defecit

2. Maladaptive Response – a learned response that’s not acceptable by society or by others in the

person’s environment

a. Develop faulty behavior repertoires

Behavioral assessment – behaviors emphasized, tied to specific behavioral characteristics

Functional analysis – effort to ID environmental conditions that control behavior, look at behavior as a

function of specific events in the environment ex. Son melts down after 2 hrs of play

1. Identify specific behavior (target behavior)

2. Identify specific environmental factors that illicit, cue, or reinforce target behaviors

3. Identify environmental factors that can be manipulated to alter behavior

A – Assess the Antecedent (before to cause behavior) conditions of behavior

B – Assess Behavior itself

C – Assess Consequences of behavior

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Basic Features for Learning Approaches

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience, all behavior is learned
Empirical research is cornerstone of theory, no use in intuition
Personality is based on principles of learning
Relies on situation specificity, behavior is responsive to reinforcements in the environment, theory does not account for cognition, all environmental stimuli
Rejection of the medical model
Emphasis is on behavior change through behavior modification and behavior therapy Four Ways Consequences of Behavior Affect Repeating Behavior
Positive Reinforcement – increase in frequency of behavior through things such as rewards
Negative Reinforcement – increase frequency of behavior by removing an aversive stimulus, ex. Hunger pains > feed yourself to remove hunger pains, smoking > stop smoking to remove anxiety about smoking
Punishment – end of a positive stimulus or a response that is followed by an aversive (bad) stimulus to decrease likelihood of behavior
Extinction – remove reinforcers that maintain behavior, learned helplessness Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous
Intermittent – maintains for longer period, less frequent
Fixed Ratio Schedule (ex. 3 to 1) ex. Hamster food lever
Variable Ratio Schedule ex. Slot machines
Fixed Interval Schedule – positive reinforcement after a certain time (time interval)
Variable Interval Schedule – if change times everytime a. Interval more efficient don’t know when it’s coming Behaviorists view of psychopathology
Behavioral pathology is not a disease a. Instead it’s looked at as the person does not know how to respond appropriately to a stimuli b. Fails to learn response or learns maladaptively c. Behavior defecit
Maladaptive Response – a learned response that’s not acceptable by society or by others in the person’s environment a. Develop faulty behavior repertoires Behavioral assessment – behaviors emphasized, tied to specific behavioral characteristics Functional analysis – effort to ID environmental conditions that control behavior, look at behavior as a function of specific events in the environment ex. Son melts down after 2 hrs of play
Identify specific behavior (target behavior)
Identify specific environmental factors that illicit, cue, or reinforce target behaviors
Identify environmental factors that can be manipulated to alter behavior A – Assess the Antecedent (before to cause behavior) conditions of behavior B – Assess Behavior itself C – Assess Consequences of behavior

3 Experimental Phases when you want to shape behavior: A. Baseline B. Introduce reinforcers to change frequency of behavior C. Withdraw reinforcers (and see if behavior returns to baseline) Cognitive processes

Motivation
Emotion
Action a. Behavior is situation specific, variability in behavior as ppl respond to changes in their environment b. Patterns on behaving in situations i. Whether introvert or extravert on situation bases because certain situations will illicit certain behaviors and responses c. Looks at person’s behavior in situations, instead of their overall temperament 6 Distinguishing Features of Social Cognitive Theory
Emphasizes ppl are active agents
Emphasis on social origins of behavior
Emphasis on cognitive thought processes
Emphasis on behavior is situation specific
Emphasis on systematic research
Emphasizes learning and how ppl behave and the complex patterns of behavior in the absence of rewards Situation/Behavior Relationship Camp Research
Compliance
Verbal aggression
Physical aggression
Babyish behavior
Pro-social behavior Process of Goal Setting:
Internal standards – reward ourselves for meeting particular goals and punish ourselves for not meeting goals a. Evaluate our own behavior and the behavior of others to evaluate our internal standards
Self reinforcement – the ability to maintain behavior over extended periods of time in the absence of external reinforcement a. Goal can be long-term or short-term, easy or hard, and our pursuit of goals depend on our level of anticipation whether we are going to feel satisfied or dissatisfied with reaching a goal b. Our performance standards are based on how we feel when reaching those standards or goals
Self-regulation – ability to set your own goals and reward yourself
Self efficacy judgments – how we feel about our ability to cope with certain situations a. Self-talk (sports psychology) b. Ex. I’ll never manage to do this – negative

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