Download AVS 4110 Exam 1COASTAL AND ESTEUARINE ECOLOGY 2025-2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE CORREC and more Exams Environmental Science in PDF only on Docsity!
AVS 4110 Exam 1COASTAL AND
ESTEUARINE ECOLOGY 2025- 2026
EXAM QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
CORRECT ANSWERS.
growth
general and normal expansion of size as produced by the accretion of tissues similar in composition to that of the original tissue or organ
true growth
increase in structural tissues: bone, muscle, and connective tissue
development
gradual progression from lower to higher state of complexity
sigmoidal shape
What is the shape of the growth curve?
before and after birth
When does slow growth occur?
- relatively steady
- early developing
- scaffold
What are the qualities of the growth of bone tissue?
- takes off rapidly
- intermediate developing
- primary fiber formation
- secondary fiber formation
- maturation
What are the qualities of the growth of muscle tissue?
hyperplasia
increase in cell number
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
- voluntary
- striated
- multinucleated
factors of skeletal muscle tissue
longissimus
the largest muscle of domestic animals; accounts for 10% of total muscle weight
- muscle
- muscle fiber bundle
- muscle fiber
- myofibril
- sacromere
What is the anatomy of muscle?
I-band
region which only contains thin filaments; isotropic; light band
A-band
length of thick filament and contains thin filament that overlaps the thick filament; anisotropic; dark band
h-zone
region where only thick filament is present
m-line
center of thick filament
z-line
center of thin filament
they contain few cells (fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages in a large intercellular matrix of both inorganic (bone and organic substances which are non-living
How is connective tissue different from other tissues?
- provide strength to the tissue and to the body as a whole
- media for transport of nutrients of cells within the intercellular matrix
What is the role of connective tissue?
intercellular matrix
composed of mucopolysaccharides, chrondrotin sulfates, and byaluronic acid set in framework of elastin and collagen fibers
- lobules of fat are surrounded by septa
- highly vascularized
What are the characteristics of loose connective tissue?
- stores triglycerides and acts as an energy reservoir
- protection for vital organs
What is the role of loose connective tissue?
- hard, compact, or cortical
- spongy
What are the two types of bone?
hard bone
Which type of bone is the shaft of long bones?
spongy bone
Which type of bone is the vertebrae, flat bones, or end of long bones?
epiphysis
enlarged ends of bone
diaphysis
shaft region of bone
medullary cavity
bone marrow
adipocytes
found in perimysial space, accumulation near blood vessels
marbling
intramuscular fat; fat within the muscle
zygote --> morula --> blastocyst
What is the proper order of the differentiation of tissues during prenatal growth and development?
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
- fetal phase
What are the 3 stages of embryo development?
11 to 14 days
How long is the germinal phase?
rapid cell division (cleavage
What is the germinal phase characterized by?
germinal phase
The following refer to which stage of embryo development:
- fertilization to attachment
- increase in cell number without change in overall cell size
- plasticity (not restricted to develop into a specific tissue
- gastrulation
- neuralation
- somitogensis
What are the 3 stages that occur during the embryonic phase of embryo development?
gastrulation
Which stage of the embryonic phase includes the following:
- succeeds the formation of the blastocyst
- regions begin to exert control over development
- 3 primary germ layers form
ectoderm
outermost cell layer, ultimately forms the skin and neuronal tissues
mesoderm
middle cell layer, develop into muscle, fat, and bone
endoderm
innermost cell layer, develops into tissues of respiratory and digestive tract
neuralation
event during development that results in the formation of spinal cord PRECURSORS; neural tube is formed
the peripheral nerves are formed
What happens once the neural tube is formed and CLOSED during neuralation?
sclerotome
form vertebral column
fetal phase
point where species ID can be established onward
- maturation and specialization of tissues
- dramatic increase in size of existing organs and tissues
What are the characteristcs of the fetal phase during embryonic development?
totipotent stem cells
can form any cell type in the body, plus extra-embryonic or placental cells
within the first couple of divisions after fertilization
When can totipotent stem cells form embryonic cells?
pluripotent stem cells
can give rise to all cell types of body; embryonic stem cells
multipotent stem cells
can develop into more than one cell type; adult stem cells and cord blood cells
unipotent stem cells
develop into only one cell type
- provide structural support for the body including attachment points for muscle (essential for locomotion
- serve as store for calcium and phosphorous that can be made available during disturbances in mineral homeostasis
- protect internal organs
What are the three main functions of bone?
matrix, minerals
30% of bone is ___________, and 70% is composed of _____________.
- osteogenic cell
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
What are the four bone cell types?
- intramembrous ossification
- endochondral ossification
What are the two osteogenic pathways?
intramembrous ossification
The following process describes what?
- ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
- osteoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies
- woven bone and periosteum form
- lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosetum - red marrow appears
begins in utero during fetal development, continues into adolescence
When does intramembrous ossification occur?
at birth, skull and clavicles are not fully ossified so that they are ale to deform during passage through the birth canal
What role does intramembrous ossification play in birth?
endochondral ossification
bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
chondrocytes
cartilage cells that form the cartilaginous skeletal precursor of the bones
perichondrium
a membrane that covers the cartilage then appears
primary ossification center
a region deep in the periosteal collar where ossification begins
avascular
Cartilage is _____________, meaning there are no blood vessels supplying nutrients or removing metabolic wastes.
epiphyseal plate
area of growth in a long bone; layer of hyaline cartilage where ossification occurs in immature bones
cartilage is formed
What occurs on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate?
epiphyseal closure
fusion of the epiphyses and diaphysis into a single bone
maturity in lamb carcasses
Growth plate closure determines what?
break joint
epiphyseal cartilage breaks = less than a year
spool joint
epiphyseal cartilage ossified and foot separates = over a year
buttons
cartilaginous ends of the thoracic vertebrae
low blood Calcium
release of PTH which stimulates osteoclast activity and corresponding resorption of bone calcium
high blood calcium
thyroid gland release calcitonin; stimulates osteoblast activity with a corresponding deposition of calcium into bone
stimulate proliferation of chondrocytes
What is the role of IGF-1?
estrogen receptors
pubertal growth spurt and cessation of growth are induced by sex hormones
- fibroblastic growth factor receptors
- IGF- 1
- estrogen receptors
- extracellular matrix proteins
What are the factors that control cartilage maturation?
extracellular matrix proteins
critical for proper differentiation and organization of growth plate chondrocytes
fibroblastic growth factor receptors
presence of this halts proliferation of epiphyseal growth plate cells; instructs cartilage precursors to differentiate
