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A comprehensive overview of conformity in social psychology, exploring its definition, types (compliance, internalization, identification), factors influencing conformity (group size, unanimity, difficulty, culture), and classic studies like asch's line judgment experiment and milgram's obedience experiment. It also delves into the concept of obedience and outlines milgram's famous obedience experiment. Valuable for students studying social psychology, providing a clear and detailed explanation of conformity and its related concepts.
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State |the |definition |of |conformity |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔An |individual |is |said |to |be |conforming |if |they |choose |a |course |of |action |that |is |favoured |by |the |majority |of |the |group |members. State |and |explain |the |three |types |of |conformity |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Compliance |- |Individuals |follow |what |the |group |is |doing |in |order |to |be |accepted |or |to |fit |in, |even |if |there |personal |views |may |differ |to |the |one |they |are |portraying. |This |will |not |chance |their |underlying |attitude |towards |something. |(Asch) Internalisation |- |This |involves |both |public |and |private |attitudes |and |is |where |the |individual |may |believe |that |the |groups |view, |after |close |inspection, |is |correct |and |theirs |is |wrong. |This |leads |them |to |changing |their |public |and |private |view |towards |something |in |order |to |be |correct. |This |is |the |deepest |level |of |conformity |and |becomes |a |permanent |attitude. |(Sherif's |Autokinetic) Identification |- |The |individuals |attitudes |both |private |and |publicly |will |change |but |in |this |case |only |for |a |temporary |amount |of |time |and |also |is |in |order |to |fit |in |and |be |liked, |essentially |it |is |a |mix |of |compliance |and |internalisation. |(Zimbardo) There |are |two |explanations |for |conformity, |outline |and |explain |them |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Normative |Social |Influence |- |This |is |where |people |go |along |with |a |majority |in |order |to |feel |that |they |fit |in |and |not |be |ridiculed |for |having |a |different |opinion |to |everyone |else. Informational |Social |Influence |- |Occurs |when |an |individual |accepts |information |from |the |majority |as |they |see |them |as |experts |or |someone |with |more |understanding |of |a |particular |subject. |This |is |done |in |order |to |be |correct.
Outline |and |evaluate |a |study |into |informational |social |influence |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Jenness |setup |an |ambiguous |situation |where |participants |were |asked |individually |to |estimate |how |many |beans |were |in |a |glass |bottle |they |were |shown. |This |was |recorded |and |participants |were |then |put |in |a |room |with |a |group |of |people |and |asked |as |a |group |to |come |to |an |estimate. |Again |they |were |asked |individually |if |they |would |like |to |change |their |original |estimate, |and |nearly |all |of |them |decided |they |would |like |to |change. |This |shows |that |most |of |them |went |through |informational |social |influence |where |they |conformed |with |a |group |in |order |to |be |correct. :) |- |Unlike |other |research |into |conformity |there |is |no |deceiving |so |it |is |ethically |sound :( |- |Doesn't |give |us |any |insight |into |non |ambiguous |situations |where |conformity |occurs Outline |and |evaluate |a |study |into |Normative |social |influence |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Asch |conducted |a |lab |experiment |where | 50 |male |students |where |individually |the |participants |were |put |in |a |room |with | 7 |confederates |and |took |part |in |a |'vision |test'. |The |confederates |were |told |before |hand |to |answer |wrongly |for |every |task. |They |were |shown |a |line |and |then |followed | 3 |lines |on |a |separate |card, |named |A, |B |and |C. |They |had |to |match |which |from |A, |B |and |C |matched |with |the |original |line |they |were |shown. |Asch |measure |the |times |that |participants |conformed |with |the |majority |and |found |that |around |1/3rd |conformed. |Over |the | 12 |critical |trials |75% |conformed |at |least |once, |compared |to |less |than |1% |in |the |control |group. |When |interviewed |after |and |asked |why |they |conformed |they |stated |that |they |wanted |to |fit |in |and |not |be |ridiculed |by |the |group. :( |- |Asch |used |a |biased |sample |of |only |males, |of |which |all |were |students, |meaning |it |lacks |population |validity |and |in |turn |the |findings |into |normative |social |influence |cant |be |easily |generalised |to |the |population :( |- |Asch |used |a |task |where |the |participants |had |to |judge |line |lengths |but |realistically |when |do |we |naturally |come |across |a |situation |like |this. |This |means |that |the |study |lacks |ecological |validity |and |cannot |be |generalised |to |other |situations
:) |- |There |is |in |fact |a |lot |of |evidence |that |proves |that |the |guards |and |prisoners |were |reacting |to |the |situation |as |if |it |were |real |and |not |just |acting. |Zimbardo |monitored |all |conversation |that |was |held |and |found |that |90% |of |the |guards |conversation |was |about |the |prisoners/other |things |to |do |with |prison. |The |guards |also |rarely |ever |exchanged |their |real |personal |information |when |on |their |'relaxation |breaks'. :(/:) |- |There |are |many |ethical |guidelines |being |broken |in |the |such |as |deception |and |at |risk |of |harm. |However |this |can |be |seen |as |a |benefit |because |of |the |fact |that |this |is |what |ethical |guidelines |were |then |based |upon |and |were |created |because |of. Define |Obedience |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Obedience |refers |to |a |type |of |social |influence |where |someone |acts |in |response |to |a |direct |order |from |a |figure |of |authority. Outline |Milgram's |Experiment |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Milgram |had | 40 |participants |at |a |time |over |a |series |of |conditions |each |varying |in |different |ways. At |the |beginning |of |the |experiment |the |participants |were |introduced |to |an |experimenter |in |a |lab |coat |and |a |confederate |who |they |believed |was |another |participant, |the |two |drew |straws |to |decide |who |would |take |the |role |of |the |'learner' |and |who |would |take |the |role |of |the |'teacher', |however |this |was |rigged |so |that |the |real |participant |always |was |the |teacher. They |were |taken |to |a |room |and |shown |an |electric |chair |that |the |learner |would |be |strapped |to, |the |teacher |was |then |bought |into |a |room |beside |this |where |there |was |an |instrument |panel |on |a |table |with |switches |varying |15v |- |450v |(XXX). |The |teacher |was |told |by |the |experimenter |to |ask |the |learner |a |series |of |paired |words |to |test |his |memory |through |a |microphone. |The |confederate/learner |was |told |to |get |the |answers |mainly |wrong, |and |when |he |did |the |experimenter |gave |the |teacher |instructions |to |increase |the |voltage |each |time. |The |learner |was |not |actually |receiving |any |shocks |but |through |a |microphone |had |to |act |out |screaming |in |pain |and |after |315v |stopped |saying |anything |and |left |it |as |dead |silence. |If |the |teacher |wanted |to |stop |the |experimenter |would |say |things |such |as |"It |is |absolutely |essential |that |you |continue" |etc. Milgram |found |that |65% |of |participants |went |all |the |way |to |450v |and |100% |of |participants |went |up |to |300v.
Evaluate |Milgram's |Study |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔:( |- |Milgram |used |a |very |biased |sample |where |only |males |were |used |and |no |females, |this |makes |it |difficult |to |generalise |to |the |whole |population |as |half |the |population |were |not |actually |tested/experimented |on. :( |- |Participants |were |deceived |as |to |the |nature |of |the |study |for |which |they |had |volunteered, |and |by |making |them |believe |they |were |administering |real |electric |shocks. |However |Milgram |could |not |have |found |results |that |truly |reflected |the |way |people |behave |in |real |situations |if |he |had |not |deceived |his |participants, |they |were |all |however |thoroughly |debriefed |afterwards. :( |- |It |was |not |ecologically |valid. |It |can |be |argued |that |Milgram's |work |was |carried |out |in |an |artificial |setting |and |has |little |relevance |to |the |real |world. |However, |less |artificial |studies |have |been |carried |out |gaining |similar |results. |For |example |in |Hoffling's |study |(1966), |nurses |were |asked |to |give |potentially |lethal |injections |to |patients, |and | 21 |out |of | 22 |appeared |prepared |to |do |it. :( |- |Lack |of |realism, |a |man |names |Perry |in | 2012 |discovered |that |one |of |Milgram's |assistants |had |divided |the |participants |into |'doubters' |and |believers' |and |found |that |the |doubters |were |more |likely |to |obey |the |experimenter. Outline |Milgram's |Variations |on |his |original |experiment |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Proximity |- |In |this |variation |the |teacher |and |the |learner |were |sat |i |the |same |room, |he |found |that |obedience |levels |fell |40% |this |was |as |the |teacher |was |now |able |to |experience |the |learners |pain |more |directly. |In |a |second |variation |the |teacher |was |required |to |push |the |learners |hand |onto |the |plate, |here |obedience |dropped |a |further |30%. |Milgram |also |changed |the |proximity |of |the |experimenter |(authoritative |figure), |giving |orders |over |a |telephone |the |cast |majority |of |participants |defied |the |instructions |wit |only |21% |continuing |to |maximum |shock |level. Location |- |When |Milgram |conducted |his |experiment |at |Yale |University |several |participants |remarked |that |the |location |gave |them |a |sense |that |what |they |were |doing |was |acceptable. |Thus |Milgram |did |his |experiment |again |but |this |time |in |a |run |down |office, |obedience |rates |dropped |slightly |but |not |a |significant |amount |where |this |time |48% |delivered |the |full |450v.
|experiment |with |nurses |that |were |not |aware |they |were |taking |part. |A |fake |doctor |called |Dr.Smith |called |up |the |hospital |on | 22 |seperate |occasions |talking |to | 22 |different |nurses |and |asked |them |do |check |if |they |had |the |drug |Astroten. |On |the |drugs |box |it |said |that |maximum |dosage |was |10mg, |yet |Dr.Smith |asked |them |to |administer |20mg |to |a |patient |Mr.Jones. |The |drug |in |reality |was |just |a |sugar |pill |but |the |nurses |were |not |aware |of |this. |Dr.Smith |stated |he |was |in |a |rush |and |will |sign |the |authorisation |form |later |on |when |he |gets |there. |The |nurses |were |watched |to |see |if |they |would |administer |the |drug, |if |they |did |they |were |breaking |three |rules:
Outline |explanations |for |resisting |social |influence |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Social |Support |- |Asch's |research |showed |us |how |difficult |it |is |to |go |against |the |crowd |as |we |have |an |inherent |feeling |that |makes |us |want |to |fit |in |with |a |majority. |Therefore |to |test |this |a |bit |further, |Asch |decided |to |do |a |variation |of |his |experiment |with |social |support |involved. |He |had |a |confederate |give |the |right |answer |before |the |participants |turn |and |this |caused |a |drop |of |conformity |from |33% |to |5.5%. |The |important |factor |about |social |support |it |seems |is |that |it |breaks |the |unanimous |position |of |the |majority. |Social |support |is |also |seen |to |cause |disobedience |as |well |as |resisting |conformity, |in |a |variation |of |Milgram's |study |he |had | 2 |confederates |doing |the |same |job |as |the |participant |however |they |were |told |to |disobey |and |not |continue, |this |dropped |obedience |rates |to |only |10% |going |all |the |way |to |450v. Locus |of |Control |- |The |term |refers |to |a |persons |perception |of |personal |control |of |the |actions |they |take |and |their |own |behaviour. |It |is |measure |from |high |internal |to |high |external, |a |strong |internal |is |associated |with |the |belief |that |we |control |what |happens |with |our |life, |they |are |more |likely |to |show |independent |behaviour |and |rely |less |on |others |opinions |meaning |they |can |resist |social |influence |better. |Whereas |a |strong |external |would |believe |that |what |happens |to |them |is |determined |by |external |factors |such |as |others |or |luck. A |number |of |characteristics |that |internals |have |have |relevance |with |resisting |social |influence, |these |are:
Outline |the |process |of |a |minortiy |influence |on |social |change |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔ACCAS!
|A |survey |found |that |only |20% |admitted |to |drinking |and |driving |in |the |past |month, |92% |of |people |actually |believed |that |their |peers |had |done |so. |By |correcting |this |misconception |with |the |message |'4/5 |don't |drink |and |drive' |they |found |that |it |was |reduced |by |14%.