Download APHY 201 Module 01 Chapter 1 and 3 Ivy Tech questions with ANSWERS and more Exams Animal Anatomy and Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
APHY | 201 |Module | 01 |Chapter | 1 |and | 3 |Ivy |
Tech |questions |with |ANSWERS
Anatomy |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Studies |the |structure |of |body | parts |and |their |relationships |to |one |another. Physiology |(modern |definition) |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Studies |the | function |of |the |body, |in |other |words, |how |the |body |parts |work | and |carry |out |their |life |sustaining |activities. |Often |focuses |on | cellular |and |molecular |level. Physiology |(literal |definition) |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Study |of | nature Homeostasis |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Maintenance |of |relatively | stable |internal |environment |due |to |process |bringing |system |back | to |baseline. |Aka |dynamic |state |of |equilibrium |or |balance. What |is |essential |to |maintain |homeostasis? |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔Communication |within |the |body |to |monitor |and |regulate. |All | three |components |(receptor, |control |center, |and |effector) |must |be | functional |to |maintain |homeostasis.
Variable |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Homeostasis |control |mechanism | being |regulated. |Ex: |body |temperature, |heart |rate, |blood |pressure, | oxygen |content |of |blood, |blood |sugar, |etc. Receptor |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔First |component: |some |type |of | sensor |that |monitors |the |environment |and |responds |to |changes | called |stimuli, |by |sending |information |(input) |to |the |control |center. Control |center |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Second |component: | receives |information |(input) |from |the |receptor |along |the |afferent | pathway. |Determines |the |set |point, |which |is |the |level |or |range |at | which |a |variable |is |to |be |maintained. Effector |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Third |component: |receives | information |(output) |from |the |control |center |along |the |efferent | pathway. |Provides |the |means |for |the |control |centers |response | (output) |to |the |stimulus. Afferent |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Approaches |the |control |center | (monitors) Efferent |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Exits |the |control |center |(issues | orders |to |muscles |or |glands)
Plasma |membrane |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔a |phospholipid |bilayer | that |creates |a |barrier |between |the |inside |of |a |cell |(intracellular | fluid) |and |the |exterior |(extracellular |fluid); |acts |in |transporting | substances |into |or |out |of |the |cell; |externally |facing |proteins |acts |as | receptors, |transport |proteins, |and |in |cell-to-cell |recognition Fluid |mosaic |model |of |plasma |membrane |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔Polar, |hydrophilic |heads |and |nonpolar, |hydrophobic |tails |of | phospholipids |arrange |with | embedded |proteins |and |cholesterol |into |a | phospholipid |bilayer |to |form |the |plasma membrane |of |the |cell Membrane |lipids |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔75% |phospholipids |(lipid | bilayer) 5% |glycolipids |(sugar |attachments |oriented |to |extracellular |surface) 20% |cholesterol Membrane |proteins |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Allow |communication | with |environment ½ |mass |of |plasma |membrane | Most |specialized |membrane |functions
Integral |membrane |proteins |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Firmly | inserted |into |membrane |(most |are |transmembrane) Have |hydrophobic |and |hydrophilic |regions Can |interact |with |lipid |tails |and |water Function |as |transport |proteins |(channels |and |carriers), |enzymes, |or | receptors Peripheral |membrane |proteins |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Loosely | attached |to |integral |proteins | Function |as |enzymes; |motor |proteins |for |shape |change |during |cell | division |and |muscle |contraction; |cell-to-cell |connections Glycocalyx |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔"Sugar |covering" |at |cell |surface | involved |with |cell |recognition. |Every |cell |type |has |different |pattern | of |sugars |with |specific |biological |markers |for |cell |recognition. Allows |immune |system |to |recognize |"self" |and |"non |self" Glycoprotein |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔a |protein |with |one |or |more | carbohydrates |attached |that |face |the |extracellular |surface Glycolipid |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔a |lipid |attached |to |one |or |more | carbohydrates
respiration); |double-membrane |structure; |contains |own |DNA |and | ribosomes Rough |endoplasmic |reticulum |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔system |of | membranes |that |appear |rough |due |to |the |presence |of |ribosomes | which |manufacture |all |proteins |secreted |from |cells; |functions |to | manufacture |all |secreted |proteins |and |membrane |integral |proteins | and |phospholipids, |and |attach |sugar |groups |to |proteins |in |the | cisterns. |Proteins |are |bound |to |vesicles |for |transport |to |the |Golgi | apparatus |and |other |sites. Smooth |endoplasmic |reticulum |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔network |of | interconnected |membranes |forming |channels |within |the |cell |that | are |free |of |ribosomes; |contains |enzymes |that |function |to |produce | transport |vesicles, |synthesize |of |lipids |and |steroids, |detoxify | substances, |regulate |cellular |calcium |levels Golgi |apparatus |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Stack |of |flattened | membranes |in |the |cell |that |modifies, |sorts, |and |packages |proteins | and |lipids |created |in |the |endoplasmic |reticulum; |segregates | proteins |for |secretion |from |the |cell, |inclusion |in |lysosomes, |and | incorporation |into |the |plasma |membrane Peroxisomes |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔membranous |sacs |of | catalase |and |oxidase |enzymes; |detoxify |substances; |most |important |
enzyme |is |catalase |for |breaking |down |hydrogen |peroxide; | eliminates |free |radicals Secretory |vesicles |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔membrane |bound | bubbles |that |carry |chemical |substances |like |lipids |and |proteins |to | the |cell |membrane |where |they |are |released |or |secreted |from |the | cell Cytoskeleton |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔provides |structural | framework |of |the |cell |and |gives |it |shape; |consists |of |protein | microfilaments, |intermediate |filaments, |and |microtubules; |resists | mechanical |forces |(compression |and |pulling |apart) Lysosomes |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔membranous |sacs |filled |with | hydrolytic |enzymes |used |to |break |down |or |digest |materials |that | are |excreted |or |recycled; |autolysis |(destroys |damaged |or |useless | body |cells) Microvilli |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔tiny |hair-like |projections |of |the | cytoplasmic |membrane |located |in |the |small |intestine |to |facilitate | absorption |by |increasing |surface |area Ribosomes |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔site |of |protein |synthesis; | composed |of |rRNA |and |protein
Ciliary |movement |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Cilia |present |on |a |cell's | surface |in |large |numbers |and |beat |in |coordinated |waves |to |move | extracellular |substances | Ex: |mucus |and |dust |out |of |the |airways Respiration |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔(O2 |consumption |and |CO2 | production) O2 |diffuses |from |the |blood |into |the |mitochondria |of |the |cell |to |be | consumed |in |the |production |of |ATP. |CO2 |is |produced |as |fuels | (macronutrients) |are |consumed |in |the |production |of |ATP |in |the | mitochondria Metabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔All |chemical |reactions |that | occur |in |body |cells Catabolism |(breaking) |and |anabolism |(building) Catabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔AB |-> |A |+ |B, |XY |= |X |+ |Y Molecule |is |broken |down |into |smaller |molecules |or |its |constituent | atoms. |Breakdown |or |degradation |of |large, |energy-rich |molecules. | Always |involves |breaking |of |bonds |and |energy |release. Anabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔A |+ |B |-> |AB, |X |+ |Y |= |XY Atoms |or |molecules |combine |to |form |larger, |more |complex | molecule. |Synthesis |of |larger |organic |molecules |from |small |organic |
molecular |subunits. |Always |involve |bond |formation |and |energy | consumption. Secretion |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔a |process |by |which |substances | are |produced |and |discharged |from |a |cell, |gland, |or |organ |for |a | particular |function |in |the |organism. |Golgi |apparatus |regulates | formation |and |release |of |secretory |vesicles. |Ex: |digestive |enzymes, | surfactant, |sebum Excretion |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Removal |of |wastes |from | metabolism |and |digestion Ex: |urea, |carbon |dioxide, |feces Apoptosis |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔programmed |cell |death Necrosis |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔death |of |living |tissue |due |to | injury |or |disease Hypertrophy |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔increase |in |cell |size Hyperplasia |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔increase |in |cell |number Atrophy |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔decrease |in |cell |size
