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APHY 101 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS IVY TECH
COMMUNITY COLLEGE INDIANAPOLIS
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? - ANS-Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, whereas physiology is the study of the function of body parts What are the levels of organization? - ANS-subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism What are the requirements of life? - ANS-Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure What are the characteristics of life? - ANS-Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth (increase in size without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids); Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes) Define homeostasis - ANS-Body's maintenance of a stable environment What is a homeostatic mechanism? - ANS-the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are regulating body temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure Define matter - ANS-Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements. Define element - ANS-fundamental substance composed of chemically identical atoms Define atoms - ANS-smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter What is the structure of an atom? - ANS-An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Atomic nucleus - ANS-the nucleus contains protons and neutrons Proton - ANS-subatomic particle that has a positive charge
Neutron - ANS-subatomic particle that has no charge Electron - ANS-subatomic particle that has a negative charge Atomic number - ANS-number or protons in nucleus Atomic mass - ANS-number of protons plus number of neutrons What are covalent bonds? - ANS-Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to become stable with filled outer shells What are ionic bonds? - ANS-2 oppositely charged atoms form this bond when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom What are hydrogen bonds? - ANS-Weak attraction between positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule; formed between water molecules Define ion - ANS-When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions. Define synthesis reaction - ANS-Two or more atoms or molecules are joined together Define decomposition reaction - ANS-Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones Define exchange reaction - ANS-Parts of molecules trade places Define reactant - ANS-The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules Define product - ANS-Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction Define catalyst - ANS-influence the rates of chemical reactions What is an acid? - ANS-Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water What is a base? - ANS-Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water What is a salt? - ANS-Acids and bases that react to form water and electrolytes What is a pH scale? - ANS-represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in solution Neutral solution - ANS-pH 7; indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH-
Define amino acids - ANS-building block of proteins What are enzymes? - ANS-large molecules that increase the rates of chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any change What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - ANS-RNA (ribonucleic acid) functions in protein synthesis; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the molecular code in genes. cell membrane - ANS-regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell; participates in signal transduction; and helps cells adhere to other cells nucleus - ANS-surrounded by an enveloper; composed of RNA and protein and is the site of ribosome production cytoplasm - ANS-consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and organelles cytosol - ANS-the liquid part of the cytoplasm in which various organelles are suspended organelles - ANS-small, specialized structures in cells which operate like organs by carrying out specific tasks What are the functions of the cell membrane? - ANS-controls the movement of substances in and out of cells; protects the cell from its surroundings What is the structure of the cell membrane? - ANS-a double layer of phospholipids, with fatty acid tails turned inward Ribosome - ANS-tiny spherical structures composed of protein and RNA; the site of protein synthesis endoplasmic reticulum - ANS-the manufacturing plant; responsible for synthesis of proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell Difference between smooth ER and rough ER. - ANS-With ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is rough ER, and functions in protein synthesis. Without ribosomes, it is smooth ER, and functions in lipid synthesis. Golgi apparatus - ANS-UPS or FedEx; packages and modifies proteins for transport and export out of the cell Mitochondria - ANS-the powerhouses of the cell and contain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration
Lysosome - ANS-"garbage disposals" of the cell and contain digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria Peroxisome - ANS-contain enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol Centrosome - ANS-structure made up of two hollow cylinders called centrioles that function in the separation of chromosomes during cell division Cilia - ANS-motile extensions from the cell Flagella - ANS-long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move Vesicle - ANS-small, membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell nuclear envelope - ANS-a double-layered porous membrane; separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm nuclear pores - ANS-regulate molecular traffic through the envelope and act like a rivet to hold the two unit membranes together nucleolus - ANS-The site of ribosome production; composed of RNA and protein chromatin - ANS-It condenses into chromosomes during cell division; it is made of protein and DNA diffusion - ANS-the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium is reached osmosis - ANS-transport mechanism in which water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant solute facilitated diffusion - ANS-a process ions use to move down their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane filtration - ANS-passive transport mechanism in which smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure active transport - ANS-a carrier molecule transports substances from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration
What is aerobic respiration? What are the two stages? How many ATP are produced? - ANS-Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a 2-step process. The first step is glycolysis, and the second is the citric acid cycle. It produces roughly 36 ATP. What is glycolysis? How does it begin and what is produced at the end? - ANS-The 6-carbon sugar glucose is broken down in the cytosol into 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules. What is anaerobic respiration? How many ATP are produced? Where in the cell does it take place? - ANS-Anaerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a relatively fast reaction and produces 2 ATP. Anaerobic reactions occur in the cytoplasm. What is the electron transport chain? - ANS-The electron transport chain passes each electron along, gradually lowering the electron's energy level and transferring that energy to ATP synthase What are the characteristics of DNA? - ANS-Double-stranded DNA molecules twist to form a double helix consisting of "sugar-phosphate rails" and bases pair to form the "rungs." What are the 4 types the DNA molecule base can be? - ANS-(A) adenine (T) thymine (C) cytosine (G) guanine What are the complementary base pairs for DNA? - ANS-A T C G Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - ANS-Single-stranded molecules, their nucleotides have ribose rather than deoxyribose sugar, and uracil rather than thymine. Functions in protein synthesis. Nucleotides - ANS-Building blocks of nucleic acid; consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases What are the 4 types the RNA molecule base can be? - ANS-A) adenine (T) uracil (C) cytosine (G) guanine How is RNA made? - ANS-All of the RNA in a cell is made by DNA transcription, a process catalyzed by a class of enzymes called RNA polymerases.
List the steps of protein synthesis. - ANS-During protein synthesis tRNA molecules bring the appropriate amino acids to align against an mRNA molecule temporarily held on a ribosome. The aligned amino acids join and the polypeptide that grows folds. Transcription - ANS-the process of copying the information encoded in DNA to produce RNA Translation - ANS-The process of translating the series of codons of mRNA from the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids. codons - ANS-set of three nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule corresponding to one of the 20 types of amino acids How does DNA replicate? - ANS-During interphase, hydrogen bonds break between the base pairs. The strands unwind and part, and free nucleotides come in and hydrogen bonds form between the new and the old. Enzymes catalyze the base pair bonding and the knitting together of the sugar-phosphate backbone. Mutations - ANS-The rare distinctions in DNA sequence that affect how we look or feel. Mutations may be spontaneous (due to transient mispairing during DNA replication) or induced by exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. What is a tissue? - ANS-layers or groups of similar cells with a common function What are the four types of tissues in the body? - ANS-Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissue? - ANS-Covers body surface and organs, lines body cavities and hollow organs, composes glands, lacks blood vessels, cells readily divide, and cells are tightly packed; they function in protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensory reception. How are most epithelial tissues named? - ANS-Epithelial tissues are classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers What is glandular epithelium? - ANS-a single cell or a mass of cells; produces and secretes substances into ducts or into body fluids Simple Squamous Epithelium - ANS-single layer of thin, flattened cells; it functions in the exchange of gases in the lungs and lines blood and lymph vessels as well as body cavities
condrocyte - ANS-cartilage cell osteocyte - ANS-bone cell Canaliculi - ANS-small channels through matrix; necessary for nutrient and wast exchange 3 types of muscle tissue - ANS-skeletal, smooth, and cardiac skeletal muscle tissue - ANS-muscles attach to bones and can be controlled by conscious effort; also called voluntary muscle tissue; long and narrow cells smooth muscle tissue - ANS-comprises walls of hollow internal organs like stomach, intestines, bladder; involuntary movements of internal organs cardiac muscle tissue - ANS-heart movements; involuntary difference between neurons and neuroglia - ANS-Neurons are highly specialized to conduct and transmit nerve impulses from one part of the body to another; the basic functional units of nervous tissue Neuroglia brace and protect neurons, but are not capable of generating and transmitting nerve impulses. What is the epidermis? - ANS-outer layer of skin What is the dermis? - ANS-inner layer of skin What is the subcutaneous layer? - ANS-It is also known as the hypodermis, and it's the inner most layer of skin; binds the skin to underlying organs and contains the blood vessels that supply the skin what cells and pigments produce skin color? - ANS-melanocytes produce meanin What is the arrector pili muscle? - ANS-A bundle of smooth muscle cells attached to each hair follicle. What is the sebaceous gland? - ANS-associated with hair follicles and secrete sebum that waterproofs and moisturizes the hair shafts What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands? - ANS-Eccrine sweat glands are most numerous and respond throughout to body temperature elevated by environmental heat or physical exertion.
apocrine glands produce sweat in response to emotional tension, heat and sexual activity; present from birth, activate during puberty
