Download APHY 101 Final Exam 2025 LATEST SUMMER IVY TECH COLLEGE 100% GRADED A REAL INSIGHT EXAM and more Exams Human Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
APHY 102 Midterm Exam LATEST Ivy Tech
Community College COMPLETE FULL LENGH
EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes. Rh negative - lack of these antigens If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease. What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electorlytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies, fluid, electrolyte, and acid- base balance Where is the heart found? The heart lies in the thoracic cavity. It is posterior to the sternum, medial to the lungs, anterior to the vertebral column, and lies just above the diaphragm and beneath the 2nd rib with the apex of the heart at the 5th intercostal space.
Describe the layers of the heart wall Epicardium- outer layer; protects the heart by reducing friction. A serious membrane that consists of connective tissue covered by epithelium, and it includes capillaries and nerve fibers. Myocardium- middle layer; thick and consists largely of the cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers. Endocardium- inner layer; epithelium and underlying connective tissue. Forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves. Describe the pathway of blood into, through, and out of the heart Superior/inferior venae cavae Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Lungs Blood is oxygenated and returned to heart Pulmonary veins Left atrium Mitral(bicuspid) valve
Describe what is happening in the heart during atrial systole/ventricular diastole and atrial diastole/ventricular systole Atrial systole/ventricular diastole - atria are contracting and ventricles are relaxed Atrial diastole/ventricular systole - atria are relaxed and ventricles are contracting Where is the pituitary gland located? sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base of the brain Where are the adrenal glands located? on top of each kidney Where is the pancreas located? posterior to the stomach What are the two steroid hormones? Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones; estrogen and testosterone
Describe steroid hormones
- diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or nucleus
- combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
- promote transcription of mRNA
- mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis Describe non-steroid hormones. Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects. How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary gland? The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity Thyroid hormones Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T Parathyroid hormones PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases blood phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines adrenal medulla hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine - increase heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease digestion adrenal cortex hormones
Aldosterone - helps regulate concentration of sodium and potassium ions Cortisol - affects glucose metabolism and influences proteins and fat metabolism Pancreas hormones Glucagon - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin pineal gland hormone Melatonin - made from serotonin and regulates circadian rhythms Thymus Gland Hormones Thymosins - affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes How are glucagon and insulin alike? Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4. Describe the different formed elements and their origins RBCs originate in red bone marrow from hemocytoblasts (stem cells) which then differentiate in a process called hematopoiesis. WBCs are called leukocytes and are split into granulocytes and agranulocytes. Platelets are cell fragments of megakaryocytes; they lack a nucleus and are half the size of a RBC. Compare the formed elements of the blood.
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur. What are normal levels and percentages of RBC 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males. 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. 4,500,000-5,100,000 in children. RBCs are 45% of the blood. How is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function? It allows them to squeeze through vessel walls and transport oxygen to tissues Why might blood volume differ from one person to the next? It might differ depending on a person's health and age, and women tend to have lower blood volume due to their menstrual cycle. What is hematocrit?
Slightly larger than RBC, 25-33% WBC Compare serum versus plasma Plasma is the liquid part of blood, in which blood cells, nutrients and hormones float. Serum is the fluid part of blood, without the clotting factors or blood cells. Describe the steps in clot formation Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
- Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
- Platelet plug formation: a. break in vessel wall b. blood escapes through break c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
- Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically). What happens if clots form within blood vessels?
A thrombus is made. If it breaks loose of the vessel wall and begins circulating through the body, it is then called an embolus, which can travel into tighter vessels and get trapped, causing death. What is edema? Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causing swelling of the tissues What antigens can be found on RBC? Antigens A, B, AB, or none. What antibodies can be found in the plasma? Antibodies A, B, AB, or none. What is a hormone and how does it act? Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
center of brain Where are the reproductive organs located? abdomen; pelvic Type A Contains A antigens on cell surface and anti-B antibodies in plasma Type B Contains B antigens on cell surface and anti-A antibodies in plasma Type AB Contains both A and B antigens on cell surface and no antibodies in plasma Type O
Contains no antigens on cell surface and has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma (universal donor) Type A can give to Either Type A or Type AB Type A can receive from Either Type A or Type O Type B can give to Either Type B or Type AB Type B can receive from Either Type B or Type O Type AB can give to only AB
Arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, tachycardia, defibrillation, cardiac arrest, palpitations, Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), Ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. pulmonary circulation Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs, oxygenating blood and removing carbon dioxide coronary circulation circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue systemic circulation flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues What factors can influence heart rate and/or blood pressure? Cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, and blood viscosity. As blood volume, heart rate, stroke volume, blood viscosity, and peripheral resistance increase, BP increases.
How is cardiac output figured? Stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate, expressed in bpm. (For example, if the stroke volume is 70 mL, and the heart rate is 72 bpm, the cardiac output is 5,040 mL per minute. Where can pulse be found in the body? The temple (temporal a.), neck (carotid a.), chin (facial a.), inner elbow (brachial a.), wrist (radial a.), groin (femoral a.), back of the knee (popliteal a.), front of the foot (dorsalis pedis a.), back of the ankle (posterior tibial a.) At any given moment, where can blood be found in the body? Veins major arteries of the body temporal, carotid, brachial, ulnar, radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial
