APEA 3P Pharmacotherapeutics Latest Completed Exam 2024, Exams of Nursing

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APEA 3P

Pharmacotherapeutics

New Questions with Rationales

1. Which of the following drug classes works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis? A. Aminoglycosides B. Beta-lactams C. Macrolides D. Quinolones

Correct Answer: B. Beta-lactams

Rationale: Beta-lactams, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, function by disrupting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, which is crucial for bacterial survival.

2. What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension? A. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels B. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme C. Blockade of calcium channels D. Inhibition of beta-adrenergic receptors

Correct Answer: B. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme

Rationale: ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure by inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which results in decreased production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.

C. The process by which a drug is absorbed and circulated throughout the body D. The chemical changes a drug undergoes in the body

Correct Answer: C. The process by which a drug is absorbed and

circulated throughout the body Rationale: Distribution is the phase in pharmacokinetics where the drug is transported through the bloodstream to its site of action.

6. Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of statins? A. Diabetes mellitus B. Active liver disease C. Hypothyroidism D. Smoking

Correct Answer: B. Active liver disease

Rationale: Statins are contraindicated in patients with active liver disease due to the risk of further liver injury and potential for hepatotoxicity.

7. When educating a patient on the use of inhalers for asthma, it is important to emphasize: A. The need to shake the inhaler well before use B. Taking a deep breath after inhaler actuation C. The importance of rapid inhalation D. Using the inhaler only when experiencing symptoms

Correct Answer: A. The need to shake the inhaler well before use

Rationale: Shaking the inhaler is necessary to mix the medication properly for effective delivery during inhalation.

8. The therapeutic drug monitoring of digoxin is essential because: A. It has a narrow therapeutic index B. It is not absorbed orally C. It has a wide therapeutic index D. It is rapidly eliminated from the body

Correct Answer: A. It has a narrow therapeutic index

Rationale: Digoxin requires careful monitoring due to its narrow therapeutic index, where the range between therapeutic and toxic levels is small.

9. Which drug class is primarily prescribed for its antiplatelet action in the prevention of thrombosis? A. Anticoagulants B. Thrombolytics C. Antiplatelets D. Hemostatics

Correct Answer: C. Antiplatelets

Rationale: Antiplatelets, such as aspirin, prevent platelet aggregation, reducing the risk of thrombus formation in arteries.

C. Inhibiting the enzyme that produces gastric acid D. Coating the stomach lining

Correct Answer: C. Inhibiting the enzyme that produces gastric acid

Rationale: PPIs inhibit the hydrogen/potassium ATPase enzyme in the stomach lining, effectively reducing acid production.

13. Which of the following is a common toxic reaction to chemotherapy agents? A. Hypoglycemia B. Myelosuppression C. Hyperkalemia D. Hypocalcemia

Correct Answer: B. Myelosuppression

Rationale: Chemotherapy can cause myelosuppression, leading to a decrease in blood cell production and increased risk of infection and anemia.

14. The pharmacokinetic term 'bioavailability' refers to: A. The rate at which a drug is excreted B. The extent of drug absorption into systemic circulation C. The volume of distribution D. The time it takes for a drug to be metabolized

Correct Answer: B. The extent of drug absorption into systemic

circulation

Rationale: Bioavailability is the proportion of a drug that enters the systemic circulation when introduced into the body and is available for action.

15. A contraindication for the use of non-selective beta-blockers is: A. Hypertension B. Asthma C. Tachycardia D. Angina

Correct Answer: B. Asthma

Rationale: Non-selective beta-blockers can exacerbate asthma by blocking beta-2 receptors, which are responsible for bronchodilation.

16. Patient education on the monitoring of anticoagulant therapy with warfarin should include the importance of: A. Regular liver function tests B. Monitoring prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR) C. Checking blood glucose levels D. Monitoring blood pressure

Correct Answer: B. Monitoring prothrombin time/international

normalized ratio (PT/INR) Rationale: PT/INR monitoring is crucial for patients on warfarin to ensure therapeutic levels and minimize the risk of bleeding.

C. Decrease blood pressure D. Increase cholesterol levels

Correct Answer: B. Decrease blood glucose levels

Rationale: Insulin is used in diabetes management to lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

20. When prescribing antibiotics, it is important to consider: A. The patient's preference for medication form B. The cost of the medication C. The pathogen's susceptibility to the antibiotic D. The color of the medication

Correct Answer: C. The pathogen's susceptibility to the antibiotic

Rationale: The effectiveness of an antibiotic is dependent on the pathogen's susceptibility, which is determined by culture and sensitivity testing. Which of the following drug classes is commonly used in the treatment of hypertension? A. ACE Inhibitors B. NSAIDs C. Anticoagulants D. Antihistamines

Correct Answer: A. ACE Inhibitors

Rationale: ACE Inhibitors are frequently prescribed for hypertension due to their ability to dilate blood vessels, reducing blood pressure. What is the mechanism of action of the drug "Warfarin"? A. Inhibition of platelet aggregation B. Blockade of angiotensin receptors C. Interference with vitamin K-dependent clotting factors D. Stimulation of insulin release

Correct Answer: C. Interference with vitamin K-dependent clotting

factors Rationale: Warfarin exerts its anticoagulant effects by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Which of the following is an example of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)? A. Fluoxetine (Prozac) B. Lorazepam (Ativan) C. Amitriptyline (Elavil) D. Haloperidol (Haldol)

Correct Answer: A. Fluoxetine (Prozac)

Which of the following medications requires monitoring of thyroid function tests due to its potential to cause hypothyroidism? A. Lithium B. Digoxin C. Furosemide D. Metoprolol

Correct Answer: A. Lithium

Rationale: Lithium can induce hypothyroidism, necessitating regular monitoring of thyroid function. What is a contraindication for the use of ACE Inhibitors? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypocalcemia C. Hypoglycemia D. Hypernatremia

Correct Answer: A. Hyperkalemia

Rationale: ACE Inhibitors can exacerbate hyperkalemia due to their effects on potassium excretion. Which of the following medications is classified as a beta-blocker?

A. Losartan B. Atenolol C. Isosorbide D. Verapamil

Correct Answer: B. Atenolol

Rationale: Atenolol belongs to the beta-blocker class of medications commonly used in the management of hypertension and cardiac conditions. What is a common side effect of opioid analgesics? A. Diarrhea B. Hypertension C. Constipation D. Hyperactivity

Correct Answer: C. Constipation

Rationale: Opioid analgesics often cause constipation due to their effects on gastrointestinal motility. Which of the following medications is known to cause photosensitivity reactions? A. Doxycycline

C. Naproxen D. Celecoxib

Correct Answer: A. Ibuprofen

Rationale: Patients with aspirin-induced asthma are at risk of cross- reactivity with other NSAIDs like ibuprofen. What is a precaution associated with the use of statin medications? A. Avoidance in patients with liver disease B. Discontinuation in patients with diabetes C. Use in pregnant women D. Combination with grapefruit juice

Correct Answer: A. Avoidance in patients with liver disease

Rationale: Statins can exacerbate liver dysfunction, necessitating caution in patients with liver disease. Which of the following drug classes is commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? A. Proton Pump Inhibitors B. Anticoagulants C. Antidepressants D. Antipsychotics

Correct Answer: A. Proton Pump Inhibitors

Rationale: Proton Pump Inhibitors are the first-line treatment for GERD due to their potent acid-suppressing effects. What is a potential adverse effect of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypoglycemia C. Hypocalcemia D. Hypernatremia

Correct Answer: A. Hyperkalemia

Rationale: ARBs can lead to hyperkalemia by blocking the effects of angiotensin II on potassium excretion. Which of the following medications is classified as a loop diuretic? A. Hydrochlorothiazide B. Furosemide C. Spironolactone D. Metolazone

Correct Answer: B. Furosemide

What is a contraindication for the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)? A. Hypertension B. Peptic ulcer disease C. Hyperthyroidism D. Glaucoma

Correct Answer: B. Peptic ulcer disease

Rationale: NSAIDs can exacerbate peptic ulcer disease and increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. How should patients be advised to take medications that cause gastrointestinal irritation? A. On an empty stomach B. With a full glass of milk C. With antacids D. With food or milk

Correct Answer: D. With food or milk

Rationale: Medications that cause gastrointestinal irritation should be taken with food or milk to minimize irritation and potential ulcers.

1. Which of the following drug classes is known for selective serotonin reuptake inhibition?

a) Beta blockers b) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors c) Statins d) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Correct Answer: d) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Rationale: SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, leading to increased serotonin levels and subsequent improvement in mood disorders.

2. What is the mechanism of action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors? a) Blockade of calcium channels b) Inhibition of angiotensin II formation c) Blocking beta-adrenergic receptors d) Competitive inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis

Correct Answer: b) Inhibition of angiotensin II formation

Rationale: ACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

3. Which of the following medications belongs to the drug class of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)? a) Cimetidine b) Omeprazole c) Ranitidine