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Which of the following statements about the atomistic worldview is FALSE?
All reality is composed of atoms in a void.
Atoms come in different shapes and sizes, and can exist in a number of ways.
A philosophical atom is the same as a chemical atom.
Everything that exists is either an atom or a collection of atoms.
RATIONALE
The atomists believed that everything that exists is either an atom, or a collection of atoms. They also believed that all matter and phenomena are the result of different configurations of atoms of different shapes and sizes. However, a philosophical atom is not the same as a chemical atom. To the atomists, a philosophical atom was an indivisible entity. Chemical atoms, as science has demonstrated, can be divided into smaller parts.
CONCEPT
The Atomistic Worldview 2
Recall the similarities and differences between Plato and Aristotle's philosophical approaches.
Select the statement that would most likely have been made by Plato, rather than by Aristotle.
“My ideas have served as a starting point for both philosophy and the physical sciences.”
“I teach by example and I live by what I teach, no matter the consequences.”
“My approach is scientific and empirical; we learn about truth from observation and discovery.”
“In order to find truth, we must first identify what makes a thing what it is, its essence.
RATIONALE
Plato proposed the existence of essences in his doctrine of the Forms. As a result, it is more likely that he would have made this statement. As a rationalist philosopher, Plato believed that knowledge does not rely on human senses alone, and can be accessed through the existence of essences. The statements which involve science and empiricism are reflective of Aristotle's views. The statement about teaching and living by example is reflective of Socrates' philosophy.
CONCEPT
Aristotle: The Dissection of Reality 3
According to Socrates in the Phaedo , why might death be an advantage to the philosopher?
In life, the Social Contract requires people to behave according to the needs and wants of others.
Death is the ultimate distinction between knowledge and opinion.
Only humans can seek knowledge and truth, but their ability to do so ends with death.
Eyes, ears, and other bodily organs can distract one from the attainment of truth and knowledge.
RATIONALE
The Phaedo is a conversation between Socrates and his students about death. It takes place just before his
execution. During this conversation, Socrates explains why philosophers should not fear death, which he defines
metaphysical
logical
RATIONALE
Plato was interested in abstract concepts (e.g., being and substance). These concepts are the subjects of the field of philosophy known as metaphysics. Plato wanted to know how these concepts exist in reality (i.e., their essences). Therefore, Plato's Forms were his metaphysical notion of the essences that ground the knowledge of reality.
CONCEPT
Plato's Forms: The Objects of Knowledge 6
Which branch of philosophy examines the ultimate nature of reality?
Natural philosophy
Cosmology
Metaphysics
Epistemology
RATIONALE
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that is concerned with discovering and describing the ultimate nature of reality. Cosmology is the study of the universe in its totality, natural philosophy examines nature and the universe, and epistemology analyzes and defends concepts of knowledge.
CONCEPT
What is Philosophy? 7
What kind of a thing is an orchid? It is a type of flower. What distinguishes an orchid from other flowers? The female and male parts of an orchid are fused together.
According to Aristotle, answering both of these questions reveals the of an orchid.
genus
organization
essence
ontology
RATIONALE
According to Aristotle, we can discover and describe essences by identifying a genus and a differentia. The genus (in this example, a flower) tells us what kind of thing an orchid is. The differentia tells us what sets an orchid apart from other things of the same kind.
CONCEPT
Aristotle on What There Is 8
Roland is a compassionate person. He sometimes gives money that he needs for himself to strangers who beg on the street.
According to Aristotle’s ethics, Roland should do which of the following in order to cultivate the virtue of compassion?
Find middle ground between being too compassionate and not compassionate enough.
Stop giving away his money so that he can focus on taking care of himself.
Find other ways to help people besides giving his money away.
Spend time with compassionate people in order to learn the essence of compassion.
RATIONALE
Heraclitean paradoxes
RATIONALE
Heraclitus developed the principle called the Unity of Opposites. It maintains that the world is composed of opposites, and that opposites are linked in a system of connections. This principle is one part of Heraclitean metaphysics.
CONCEPT
Heraclitus and the Doctrine of Impermanence 11
Choose the statement that describes a central theme of Parmenidean metaphysics.
The universe consists of one, unchanging entity.
The opinions of mortals are universally reliable.
Mortal and divine knowledge can be joined.
The world is composed of linked opposites.
RATIONALE
Parmenidean metaphysics includes the concept of "substance monism" — the belief that all reality is one object. This object is called the “what-is.” The "what-is" is eternal and unchanging. None of the other statements represent Parmenidean metaphysics.
CONCEPT
Parmenides and the Doctrine of Permanence 12
Read the following statement by Socrates:
“And he attains to the purest knowledge of them who goes to each with the mind alone, not introducing or intruding in the act of thought sight or any other sense together with reason, but with the very light of the mind in her own clearness searches into the very truth of each; he who has got rid, as far as he can, of eyes and ears and, so to speak, of the whole body, these being in his opinion distracting elements which when they infect the soul hinder her from acquiring truth and knowledge.. .”
Outline Socrates' argument in this text and choose the sentence that accurately reflects it.
Life has no intrinsic value; only a good life, well-lived, has value for the gods.
The physical body and the soul are both necessary in order to find truth.
Death prevents the philosopher from finding the answers he most wants to know.
It is the mind, not the senses, that can know the essence of a thing.
RATIONALE
In this selection from the Phaedo , Socrates argues that the philosopher is not concerned with the world of the senses, but with the soul. When Socrates says "And he attains to the purest knowledge of them who goes to each with the mind alone," he asserts that pure knowledge is readily acquired by the mind when it is separated from the body. The senses (e.g., eyes and ears) are a distraction that "hinder her from acquiring truth and knowledge.
. .” Therefore, death (which Socrates views as the end of the life of the body, not of the soul) enables the philosopher to find the answers he or she seeks.
CONCEPT
The Apology — Socrates' Arguments 13
All of the following are central tenets of Aristotle’s ethics, EXCEPT:
Knowing the essence of a thing can justify a belief.
Any virtue can become a vice.
An action is evaluated based on how it informs character.
Something is good when it excels at its function.
RATIONALE
The intellectual realm in which the Forms exist is unchanging and eternal.
Worldly objects imitate the more real, genuine Forms of objects.
RATIONALE
The statement that "There is no knowledge because everything is in a state of transition and nothing is true" is the opposite of Plato's metaphysical beliefs. His Doctrine of the Forms argues that all worldly objects are related to their essences (i.e., Forms), which are real, unchanging, perfect entities that exist in an intellectual realm called Platonic Heaven. The Forms provide the basis for all knowledge.
CONCEPT
Plato Forms: The Foundations of Being 16
Being a good parent is a condition for having a child.
Apply conceptual analysis to this statement and choose the answer that correctly describes the relationship.
necessary, not sufficient
neither necessary nor sufficient
both necessary and sufficient
sufficient, not necessary
RATIONALE
Being a good parent is not a necessary condition, or logical requirement, for having a child because there are people who have children who aren't good parents. In order to be a parent, a person must have a child. That makes being a good parent a sufficient, but not a necessary condition for having a child.
CONCEPT
Plato: An academic approach to concepts 17
While I have lived in my home, my rent has increased every year.
My salary has remained the same for three years.
Next year, I will probably be in a better financial situation.
Evaluate the argument and select the option that describes it.
Inductive, weak, uncogent
Deductive, invalid, unsound
Deductive, valid, sound
Inductive, strong, cogent
RATIONALE
Because the inferential claim is of less-than-logical certainty, and is about probability, this is an inductive argument. It is a weak argument because the conclusion isn't probable if the premises are true. It is also an uncogent argument because an argument must be strong to be cogent.
CONCEPT
Evaluating an Argument in Action 18
Fred believes that the death penalty is ethically wrong. After watching a documentary about capital punishment, he discussed his belief with his wife.
Choose the statement from Fred that is NOT consistent with his belief.
“Humans must not play God by deciding when someone’s life should end.”
“No matter the offense, the state should never use death as punishment.”
“If someone harmed a member of our family, I believe he would deserve death.”
“The threat of the death penalty does not deter criminals from committing crimes.”
risking fame and fortune
the laws of man
RATIONALE
The Apology is Plato's transcription of the defense Socrates presented at his trial on charges of "denying the gods" and "corrupting the youth of Athens." In it, Socrates asserts that he does not fear death, because he has lived as he believed was right. To Socrates, it is more important to live rightly than to avoid death and other negative personal consequences.
CONCEPT
The Apology: A Defense of Philosophy 21
The philosophical value of the Socratic Method is described in all of the following statements, EXCEPT:
Students learn from interacting with each other, and the teacher facilitates this process.
The emphasis is on finding truth, not on “winning” an argument.
Students answer questions to which they know the answers, and are led by the teacher to new truths.
The Socratic Method guides students to understanding rather than requiring them to memorize facts.
RATIONALE
The Socratic Method does not facilitate learning through students' interaction with one another. Rather, it is an exchange between student and teacher, in which the teacher uses the student's knowledge to guide him or her to truth.
CONCEPT
The Socratic Approach 22
Which of the following is the most important tenet of Stoicism?
To resist playing a role
To feed our desires
To understand that reality is either good or bad
To let go of what we cannot control
RATIONALE
Stoicism is a philosophy that encourages us to focus only on what we can control (e.g., our desires, emotions, judgments, and reactions). We should not be upset by things that are beyond our control. Stoicism encourages us to reduce desire and to view reality as neither good nor bad.
CONCEPT
Stoicism: The Ethics of Dispassion 23
Socrates differed from the pre-Socratics in that his interests were primarily in.
cosmology and natural philosophy
ethics and epistemology
the true nature of reality
how the universe works
RATIONALE
The focus of Socrates' philosophy was different from that of the Pre-Socratic philosophers. He investigated questions involving ethics and epistemology. The Pre-Socratic philosophers had focused on natural philosophy and cosmology.
CONCEPT
Socrates: The Father of Western Philosophy
beautiful painting because it participates, or imitates, the Form of Beauty. It is not, in itself, beauty.
CONCEPT
Applying Plato's Metaphysics
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