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Agriculture: Origins, Types, and Future Concerns - Prof. Gillian Acheson, Study notes of Human Geography

Southern Illinois University (SIU) - EdwardsvilleHuman Geography
Prof. Gillian Acheson

An overview of the origins of agriculture, the different types of agriculture, and future concerns in the field. It covers topics such as the development of agriculture from hunter-gatherer societies to industrial agriculture, the role of agricultural hearths in vegetative planting and seed agriculture, and the impact of wealth, politics, culture, and location on food distribution. The document also discusses access to markets and the role of von thunen's model, as well as agricultural concerns for the future, including increasing productivity through the green revolution and biotechnology, and the deteriorating environment and food fights caused by globalization.

Typology: Study notes

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Uploaded on 08/18/2009

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Agriculture
Geog 205
Spring 2009
Agricultural Origins:
• From cultivation to agriculture
– Hunters-gatherers
– Development of agriculture
• Agricultural hearths
– Vegetative planting (See Fig. 10.1)
– Seed agriculture (See Fig. 10.2)
Three Types of Agriculture
• Industrial agriculture
– employs fossil fuels
– irrigates
– high mechanization, low labor
– See Fig.10.4
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Agriculture

Geog 205 Spring 2009

Agricultural Origins:

  • From cultivation to agriculture
    • Hunters-gatherers
    • Development of agriculture
  • Agricultural hearths
    • Vegetative planting (See Fig. 10.1)
    • Seed agriculture (See Fig. 10.2)

Three Types of Agriculture

  • Industrial agriculture
    • employs fossil fuels
    • irrigates
    • high mechanization, low labor
      • See Fig.10.

Three Types of Agriculture (cont.)

  • Traditional agriculture
    • less mechanization, fertilizers, & pesticides used
    • lower yields
  • Subsistence agriculture
    • produces only enough food for a farm-family’s survival

Agriculture and development:

  • Agriculture is different in more developed

countries and lesser developed countries

  • MDCs tend to be industrialized
  • LDCs can be all three, but food production for local consumption is often traditional or subsistence » See Figure 10.

Agriculture in Developed Countries:

  • Varied agriculture, varied products
    • Mixed crop and livestock systems
    • Dairy farming
    • Grain farming
    • Livestock ranching
    • Mediterranean agriculture
    • Commercial gardening and fruit farming
    • Plantation farming

Access to markets: von Thünen

Model

Fig 10-13: Von Thunen model of role of situation factors in choice of crop. See Figure in Class/Textbook. Fig 10-8: Location, transferability, and income in dairy farming... See Figure in Class/Textbook.

Dairy Production in the U.S.

Fig. 10-9: Milk production is widely dispersed because of its perishability, but cheese production is far more concentrated. See Figure in Class/Textbook.

Agricultural concerns for the future:

  • Increasing agricultural productivity
    • Green Revolution, Biotechnology
  • A deteriorating environment
    • Soil fertility, diminishing cropland, water, desertification
  • Food fights (globalization of agriculture)

Green Revolution

  • Goal: ensuring food security
  • Three components for success
  • Two big problems (and a bunch of smaller ones)
    • Farmer-related
    • Crop-related

Desertification Hazard

Fig. 10-14: The most severe desertification hazards are in northern Africa, central Australia, and the southwestern parts of Africa, Asia, North America, and South America. See Figure in Class/Textbook.