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Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Questions & Answers
Irreversible cellular injury causes - ANSWERScell death Individuals with autoimmune disorders are likely to exhibit - ANSWERSmultiple disorders versus isolated issues. 4 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation - ANSWERSheat, swelling, pain, redness The Compliment System activates - ANSWERSall other immune components/cascades The Clotting System's final step - ANSWERSdevelopment of a fibronous mesh Type of cells released in relation to asthma or allergies - ANSWERSbasophils Cell type that recognizes and eliminates viral-infected cells - ANSWERSNatural Killer Cells Monocytes evolve into - ANSWERSmacrophages Autodigestion of lipids, carbs and protein - ANSWERSlysosome Complex cellular organization & well-defined nucleus - ANSWERSEukaryote the plasma membrane engulfs substances from the outside cell - ANSWERSEndocytosis cell drinks fluids and solutes. - ANSWERSPinocytosis cell eats substances such as bacteria - ANSWERSPhagocytosis discharge or secretion of materials through intracellular vesicles - ANSWERSExocytosis
Abnormal __ are found in tumor cells - ANSWERSglycoproteins (carbs)
- exposure to prolonged irritants such as cigarette smoke, normal epithelial columnar ciliated cells are replaced with stratified squamous cells. - ANSWERSMetaplasia deranged cellular growth - ANSWERSDysplasia Inflammatory response initiated with cellular injury. Cells release - ANSWERShistamines HIV causes what cell destruction? - ANSWERSCD4 Cell and T Cell destruction What type of infection bacterial, fungal, viral remains localized in healthy individuals? - ANSWERSFungal Type of bacteria that lack a rigid cell wall and are small and pleomorphic. - ANSWERSMicoplasma Polyuria that occurs with diabetes mellitus is the result of: - ANSWERSElevated Serum Glucose Excessive aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex results in increased - ANSWERSIncreased Na+ and Ca- reabsorption A patient with scrotal inflammation, fever, and severe pain but no UTI symptoms has - ANSWERSacute orchitis Pituitary gland overactivity and excessive secretion of hormones is most often caused by - ANSWERSa pituitary adenoma Patients with hyperparathyroidism should be monitored for which of the following serum abnormalities? - ANSWERShypercalcemia In Type 1 prostatitis, the patient has a very large inflamed prostate gland that can either be firm or boggy, This type of prostatitis is - ANSWERSAcute Bacterial In Graves' disease, serum TSH is usually - ANSWERSlow All of the following can contribute to a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) except - ANSWERShypoglycemia and anorexia When a female is positive for this parasite, her male partner could also be infected - ANSWERStrichinosis
Persistent anemia of this type during pregnancy can result in neural tube complications for the fetus: - ANSWERSFolate deficiency The development of venous ulcers secondary to chronic venous insufficiency results from : - ANSWERSchronic inflammation and hypoxia In the months following an acute myocardial infarction, which two complications is a patient most likely to have: - ANSWERSContractility issues (decreased) A child who presents with a pollen-related allergic reaction is most likely to have which of these leukocytic alterations: - ANSWERSEosinophilia A patient with mitral valve prolapse will have which physiologic impairment: - ANSWERSRefilling of the left atrium during systole A myocardial infarction resulting from total coronary artery occlusion is likely to produce which of the following? - ANSWERSAn ST elevation The primary pathology of multiple myeloma is: - ANSWERSOsteoclastic bone destruction with cortical and medullary bone loss Which of the following are found in the lymph nodes of a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma? - ANSWERSReed-Sternberg Cells in this type of leukemia, mature blood cells are markedly increased in number but do not function normally. Most often seen in older adults: - ANSWERSChronic Lymphocytic fatty streaks are example of early signs of - ANSWERSatherosclerosis Genetic and environmental factors produce which pathological changes contributing to primary hypertension? - ANSWERShypervolemia and vasoconstriction A patient with blunt force chest trauma, but no wound presence, may experience which type of pneumothorax? - ANSWERStension Which type of lung cancer starts in the large bronchi, infiltrates the bronchial mucosa and is aggressive with rapid growth and early metastasize? - ANSWERSAdenocarcinoma In this type of pleural effusion, the fluid will have a high concentration of leukocytes and plasma proteins: - ANSWERSexudative This condition is common in children, often accompanies viral respiratory tract infections: - ANSWERSBronchiolitis
A patient presenting with an acute asthmatic exacerbation will have all of the following except: - ANSWERShypersection of mucous/bronchial thinning?? A patient with pulmonary fibrosis will have this pathophysiology - ANSWERSproliferative interstitial connective tissue in the lungs The characteristic thick, sticky secretions causing persistent inflammation and infection:
- ANSWERSGoblet cell hyperplasia, excessive bronchial proteins The persistent abnormal bronchial destruction and dilation accompanied by excessive pus: - ANSWERSBronchiectasis The majority of bronchogenic carcinomas are this type: - ANSWERSNon-Small Cell Tubercle bacilli are least likely to survive in the host when: - ANSWERSBacilli attacked by goblet cells are transported to the mucocilliary escalator A patient with advanced chronic bronchitis will most likely exhibit which of the following - ANSWERSvisible retraction of the supraclavicular fossa upon inspiration Difficulty with lung expansion, decreased vital capacity and decreased inspiratory reserve - ANSWERSrestrictive Barrel chest, increased residual volume, forced expiratory volume in one second is 56%: - ANSWERSobstructive A patient with alcoholic cirrhosis will have which ongoing hepatic pathophysiology - ANSWERSInflammation and hepatocyte necrosis Poor gas exchange caused by pneumonia - ANSWERSshunting The anemia found in chronic renal injury results from a deficiency of - ANSWERSerythropoietin Poor gas exchange caused by pulmonary embolism - ANSWERSphysiologic dead space A patient presents with an occupational history of coal mining, reduced vital capacity, and chronic : - ANSWERSrestrictive pneumococcinosis Abnormal relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter will lead to - ANSWERSGERD Most liver cancer is caused by - ANSWERSmetastasis precipitation of salt based stones in a liquid environment - ANSWERSrenal calculi
Often starts with a herald patch on the trunk followed by secondary oval lesions on the back and upper part of extremities: - ANSWERSPityriasis rosea Collection of infected hair follicles that frequently appears on the back of the neck - ANSWERScarbuncle A scar with elevated erythematous fibrous margins within the site of original injury is called: - ANSWERShypertrophic scar Tear or rupture of muscle or attaching tendon: - ANSWERSstrain Inflammation of the outer layer of the Achilles tendon: - ANSWERSParatenonitis Complete separation of a ligament from the bony structure: - ANSWERSavulsion Poor osteoid mineralization produces bone deformities. - ANSWERSOsteomalacia Normal age related changes in bone remodeling that contribute to osteoporosis: - ANSWERSIncreased production of osteoclasts Osteoarthritic joint changes are characterized by - ANSWERScartilage degeneration Fibromyalgia is believed to be the result of - ANSWERSlow thermal and mechanical pain thresholds Early soft tissue changes in adolescent scoliosis include - ANSWERSShortening of muscles and ligaments in the primary curve In this type of psoriasis, common in children, small papules appear on the trunk and extremities: - ANSWERSGuttate Mucous membrane contact during the viral shedding phase may result in this type of genital herpes infection: - ANSWERSHSV- Crush Syndrome is best described as: - ANSWERSIrreversible muscle death with vital organ damage The pox virus produces round, firm, flesh-colored lesions that last for 1-2 years and exacerbate before resolving: - ANSWERSMolluscum contagiosum Older persons have a (pain threshold) - ANSWERShigher pain threshold due to aging of nervous system Depression monoamine - ANSWERSserotonin Intracelluar bleed comes from - ANSWERSsecular aneurysm from HTN
Response by ANS to stimulate sympathetic nervous system - ANSWERSAutonomic hyperreflexia Spondylosis - ANSWERSresults from repetitive stress on lamina causing microfractures Both blood-borne - ANSWERSmeningitis and encephalitis Accerleration/Deceleration Injury - ANSWERSCoup Contra Coup Shearing of brain results in - ANSWERSdiffuse axonal injury Atherosclerosis of inflammatory disease; plaques found near arterial bifucations - ANSWERScerebral thrombosis demyelization of central nervous system, remission and exacerbations, slow progressive,; myelin coating on cns nerve fibers - ANSWERSmultiple sclerosis demyelization disease that affects the peripheral nervous system. The results are motor paralysis, with ascending pattern beginning in the feet. Seriously impact respiratory distress failure from paralysis ascends from the feet to diaphragmatic and thoracic muscles. - ANSWERSGuillan-Barre- Lou Gehrig, scarring or corticopinal tract in the lateral column of the spinal cord producing degeneration of both upper motor neurons, and lower motor neurons. ALS has a genetic mutation in a superoxide dismutatase, an enzyme which helps the body break down potentially harmful oxygen molecules in cells which might prevent damage to tissues. S/S: weakness, atrophy, paralysis but intellectually intact - ANSWERSALS Neuromuscular junction, resulting in a deficit in nerve transmission junction. Autoimmune response producing pathologic changes in thymus and IgG auto antibodies for acetylcholine receptor sites. The IgG antibodies cause entail destruction of neuronal receptor siteàresulting in loss of transmission of nerve impulses in the neuromuscular junction. - ANSWERSMyasthenia Gravis The epididymis becomes infected when pathogenic microorganisms: - ANSWERSAscend the vasa deferentia from an infected bladder Withdrawing exogenous steroids too quickly can result in which of the following adrenal cortex problems? - ANSWERSExcessive ACTH secretion
