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psychopathology |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔symptoms |and |signs |of |mental |disorders psychosis |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔out |of |touch |with |reality abnormal |psychology |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔application |of |psychological |science |to |the |study |of |mental |disorders statistical |norms |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔how |common |or |rare |it |is |in |the |general |population harmful |dysfunction |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔something |inside |the |person |is |not |working |properly |(biological, |emotional, |behavioral) |(the |condition |causes |harm |to |person |as |judged |by |their |culture) what |is |the |level |of |harmful |dysfunction |measured |by? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔the |individual's |own |subjective |distress |and |difficulty |in |everyday |functioning DSM-V |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔diagnostic |statistical |manual |(created |by |the |american |psychiatric |association) goal |of |DSM-V |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔moving |toward |managed |care |and |defining |mental |illness |for |insurance |purposes |(focused |on |cost-effectiveness) epidemiology |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔focuses |on |the |prevalence |and |incidence |of |mental |disorders prevalence |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔number |of |cases |of |a |disorder |in |a |given |population |at |a |designated |time lifetime |prevalence |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔number |of |individuals |known |to |have |a |disorder |some |time |in |their |lives
incidence |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔number |of |new |cases |that |emerge |in |a |given |population |during |a |specified |period |of |time comorbidity |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔the |presence |of |more |than |one |condition |within |the |same |period |of |time what |is |disease |burden |measured |by? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔measured |by |combining |mortality |and |disability clinical |psychologist |(PhD |or |PsyD) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔concerned |with |the |application |of |psychological |science |to |the |assessment |and |treatment |of |mental |disorders psychiatry |(MD) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔branch |of |medicine |concerned |with |the |study |and |treatment |of |mental |disorders social |work |(LCSW) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔concerned |with |helping |people |achieve |an |effective |level |of |psychosocial |functioning professional |counselors |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔work |in |may |settings-usually |have |a |specialized |master's |degree-marriage |counselors, |drug |counselors, |etc. Hippocrates |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔proposed |physical |factors |and |four |humors |(yellow |bile, |black |bile, |blood, |phlegm) psychopathology |in |history |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔some |common |treatment |modalities |were |the |use |of |bloodletting, |purging, |and |the |use |of |heat |and |cold case |study |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔an |in-depth |look |at |the |symptoms |and |circumstances |surrounding |one |person's |mental |disturbance case |study |drawbacks |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔can |be |viewed |from |several |different |perspectives
biological |paradigm |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Looks |for |biological |abnormalities |that |might |cause |abnormal |behavior |(Gave |hope |that |scientists |would |discover |biological |causes |for |other |mental |disorders) |(To |date, |specific |biological |causes |have |been |identified |for |only |some |cognitive |disorders) psychodynamic |paradigm |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Asserts |that |abnormal |behavior |is |caused |by |unconscious |mental |conflicts |that |have |roots |in |early |childhood psychoanalytic |theory |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔id, |ego, |superego |and |defense |mechanisms denial |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔refusing |to |believe |or |even |perceive |painful |realities |(ex. |blocking |a |painful |experience |from |your |memory) displacement |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔shifts |sexual |or |aggressive |impulses |toward |a |more |acceptable |or |less |threatening |object |or |person, |as |when |redirecting |anger |toward |a |safer |outlet projection |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔people |disguise |their |own |threatening |impulses |by |attributing |them |to |others |(ex. |husband |argues |wife |is |angry |at |him, |when |in |fact |he |is |angry |at |her) rationalization |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔offers |self-justifying |explanations |in |place |of |the |real, |more |threatening, |unconscious |reasons |for |one's |actions |(ex |. |after |not |getting |the |job |offer, |you |decide |the |job |that |you |applied |for |was |not |what |you |really |wanted) reaction |formation |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔the |ego |unconsciously |switches |unacceptable |impulses |into |their |opposites |(ex |. |you |"hate" |a |former |lover, |but |underneath |it |you |still |love |them) repression |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔suppressing |painful |memories |and |thoughts |without |denial |(ex. |you |"forget" |about |an |embarrassing |experience) sublimation |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔diverting |id |impulses |into |constructive |and |acceptable |outlets |(ex. |study |hard |to |get |good |grades |instead |of |giving |in |to |desires |for |immediate |pleasure)
cognitive-behavioral |paradigm |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Views |abnormal |and |normal |behavior |as |a |product |of |learning humanistic |paradigm |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔an |explicitly |positive |view |of |human |nature problem |with |biological |paradigm |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔can |overemphasize |the |medical |model problem |with |psychodynamic |paradigm |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔can |be |unyielding |in |focusing |on |childhood |and |the |unconscious |conflicts problem |with |cognitive |behavioral |paradigm |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔can |overlook |social |and |biological |context |of |human |behavior problem |with |humanistic |paradigm |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔can |be |antiscientific equifinality |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔The |view |that |there |are |many |routes |to |the |same |destination |(multiple |pathways) multifinality |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔The |same |event |can |lead |to |different |outcomes reciprocal |causality |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Causality |operates |in |both |directions diathesis-stress |model |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔A |predisposition |toward |developing |a |disorder |(A |difficult |experience; |Risk |factors; |One |way |to |explain |multiple |influences |on |abnormal |behavior) How |can |causality |be |demonstrated? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔through |an |experiment |with |random |assignment |to |condition dendrites |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔branches |that |receive |messages |from |other |neurons
thalamus |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔sensory |relay |station hypothalamus |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔regulates |glands, |autonomic |NS amygdala |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔fear |and |anger |and |aggression hippocampus |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔memory |formation autonomic |nervous |system |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Regulates |various |body |organs, |psychophysiological |reactions, |Controls |activities |with |increased |arousal |and |energy |expenditure, |Sympathetic |and |parasympathetic |nervous |system somatic |nervous |system |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Controls |voluntary |or |intentional |actions |(controls |muscles) behavior |genetics |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔studies |genetic |influences |on |evolution genotype |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔an |individual's |actual |genetic |structure phenotype |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔an |expression |of |the |given |genotype monozygotic |twins |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔twins |who |are |genetically |identical; |produced |from |a |single |egg; |share | 100 |percent |of |genetic |make-up dizygotic |twins |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔produced |from |separate |eggs; |share | 50 |percent |of |genetic |make-up concordance |rate |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔rate-twins |both |have |a |disorder |or |both |do |not
polygenic |inheritance |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔twin |studies, |adoption |studies, |genetics |and |psychopathology, |nature/nurture gene-environment |interaction |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Genes |and |environment |combine |to |produce |more |than |their |separate |influences |(Some |genes |only |function |in |some |environments) gene-environment |correlation |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Our |experience |is |correlated |with |our |genes natural |selection |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔the |process |through |which |successful |inherited |adaptations |to |environmental |problems |become |more |common |over |successive |generations |of |offspring attachment |theory |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔(John |Bowlby;) |Infants |form |attachments |early |in |life— special |and |selective |bonds |with |caregivers temperament |(what |ocean |stand |for) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔openness |to |experience, |conscientiousness, |extraversion |, |agreeableness, |neuroticism modeling |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔(albert |bandura) |learning |through |imitation Cognition |- |Social |Cognition |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔We |use |heuristics |to |make |decision |making |more |efficient self-control |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Externalized |rules |become |internalized self-esteem |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔The |attitude |you |have |toward |yourself marital |status |and |psychopathology |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Correlation |between |marriage |and |health |and |social |support gender |roles |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔may |influence |the |development, |expression, |or |consequences |of |psychopathology
psychoanalysis |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Free |association |reveals |aspects |of |the |unconscious |mind |(Free |associations, |dreams, |and |slips |of |the |tongue—Freudian |slips—are |"windows |into |the |unconscious") Techniques |of |Psychoanalysis |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔insight, |interpretation, |resistance, |transference, |countertransference, |therapeutic |neutrality Decline |of |psychoanalysis |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Requires |substantial |amount |of |time, |expense, |and |self-exploration-more |for |self-exploration |(Very |little |research |has |been |conducted |on |its |effectiveness) psychodynamic |psychotherapy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔(Derived |from |psychoanalysis) |Psychotherapists |are |more |directive |and |engaged, |and |treatment |may |be |brief interpersonal |therapy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔supported |by |research |and |focuses |on |changes |in |the |present ego |analysis |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔(Emphasized |the |role |of |the |ego |(e.g., |the |mediator |between |the |id |and |the |superego); |) |More |concerned |with |conscious |motivations |and |dealings |with |the |external |world cognitive |behavioral |therapy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔encourages |collaborative |therapist |client |relationships, |focus |on |the |present, |direct |efforts |to |change |problems, |use |of |research-based |techniques systematic |desensitization |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Research |focused |on |eliminating |phobias |(; |Assumed |that |some |phobias |were |learned |through |classical |conditioning) in |vivo |desensitization |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔confronting |fears |in |real |life flooding |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔confronting |fears |at |full |intensity
aversion |therapy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔The |use |of |classical |conditioning |to |create, |not |eliminate, |an |unpleasant |response |( |Used |primarily |in |treating |substances) social |skills |training |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Teaches |clients |new |ways |of |behaving |that |are |both |desirable |and |likely |to |be |rewarded |in |everyday |life Beck's |Cognitive |Therapy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Developed |by |Aaron |Beck |specifically |as |a |treatment |for |depression |(Depression |is |caused |by |errors |in |thinking; |Challenges |cognitive |errors |by |having |clients |analyze |their |thoughts |more |carefully) rational-emotive |therapy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Absolute, |unrealistic |views |of |the |world |(Challenges |client's |beliefs |during |the |therapy) "Third-Wave" |CBT |Therapies |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Dialectical |behavior |therapy |(Acceptance |and |commitment |therapy; |Evidence |is |not |as |strong |for |the |third |wave |therapies) humanistic |therapies |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Values |humans' |ability |to |make |choices |and |being |responsible |for |one's |own |life |(Encourages |people |to |recognize |and |experience |their |true |feelings; |Views |the |therapist-client |relationship |as |the |method |of |change) client-centered |therapy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔a |humanistic |therapy |(developed |by |Carl |Rogers,) |in |which |the |therapist |uses |techniques |such |as |active |listening |within |a |genuine, |accepting, |empathic |environment |to |facilitate |clients' |growth experiments |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔A |research |method |in |which |the |investigator |varies |some |factors, |keeps |others |constant, |and |measures |the |effects |on |randomly |assigned |subjects meta-analysis |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔a |procedure |for |statistically |combining |the |results |of |many |different |research |studies psychotherapy |improvement |without |treatment? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Two-thirds |of |clients |improve |as |a |result |of |psychotherapy |(Spontaneous |remission |(e.g., |improvement |without |treatment |can |happen); |Maybe |those |in |the |control |group |seek |out |informal |counseling)
why |do |we |need |a |system |to |classify |abnormal |behavior? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Clinicians |use |it |to |match |their |client's |problems |with |the |form |of |intervention |that |is |most |effective |(Must |be |used |in |the |search |for |new |knowledge) culture-bound |syndromes |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔disorders |found |only |in |particular |cultures reliability |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔The |consistency |of |measurements, |including |diagnostic |decisions interrater |reliability |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔agreement |among |raters |(two |psychologists) validity |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Refers |to |the |meaning |or |importance |of |a |measurement concurrent |validity |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔do |they |present |with |symptoms |that |most |people |in |that |category |present |with etiological |validity |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔concerned |with |factors |that |cause |or |contribute |to |the |onset |of |the |disorder predictive |validity |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔can |we |predict |their |response |to |medication? boundary |between |normal |and |abnormal |behavior |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Clinicians |must |rely |on |their |own |subjective |judgment |to |determine |how |distressed |or |impaired |a |person |must |be limitations |of |DSM-V |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Does |not |classify |clinical |problems |into |syndromes |in |the |simplest |and |most |beneficial |way purposes |of |clinical |assessment |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔The |process |of |collecting |and |interpreting |information |that |will |be |used |to |understand |another |person |(The |assessor |usually |adopts |a |theoretical |perspective |regarding |the |nature |of |the |disorder; |Making |predictions, |planning |treatments, |and |evaluating |treatments)
goals |of |assessment |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Deciding |what |assessment |procedures |and |instruments |to |administer, |Screening, |Diagnosis, |Treatment |plan Basic |issues |in |assessment |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔assumptions |about |consistency |of |behavior |and |evaluation |of |the |usefulness |of |assessment |procedures self |report |measures |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔ask |patients |to |evaluate |their |own |symptoms; |drawback: |aren't |always |honest Clinician-rated |measures |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔clinician |rates |symptoms structured |interview |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔question-answer |format |with |a |specific |list |of |detailed |questions rating |scales |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔observer |is |asked |to |make |judgments |that |place |a |person |someone |on |a |dimension behavioral |coding |systems |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Focus |on |the |frequency |of |specific |behavioral |events; |Require |extensive |time |and |training |( |Used |more |frequently |in |research; |disadvantages: |people |become |more |reactive |when |they |know |they're |being |watched, |time |consuming) personality |inventories |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔objective |tests, |often |using |numbered |scales |or |multiple |choice |(MMPI-2) empirical |keying |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔keying-using |criterion |groups |to |develop |the |test |(people |who |suffered |from |depression, |anxiety, |etc. |were |given |questions |and |people |taking |it |are |compared |to |them) actuarial |interpretation |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔rules |for |interpreting |the |results |(proportions |of |people |score |a |certain |way)
affect |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔pattern |of |observable |behaviors; |ex. |facial |expression, |voice |pitch, |body |movements mood |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔a |pervasive |and |sustained |emotional |response |that |can |color |perception clinical |syndrome |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔a |combination |of |emotional, |cognitive, |and |behavioral |symptoms clinical |depression |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔depressed |mood |accompanied |by |other |symptoms |such |as |loss |of |energy, |loss |of |pleasure, |fatigue, |changes |in |sleep |and |appetite mania |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔flip |side |of |depression |(Disturbance |of |mood |accompanied |by |euphoria, |grandiosity, |decreased |need |for |sleep, |pressured |speech) episodes |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔discrete |periods |of |time |in |which |the |person's |behavior |is |dominated |by |either |a |depressed |or |manic |mood major |depressive |disorder |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Persistent |sad |or |low |mood |that |is |severe |enough |to |impair |a |person's |interest |in |or |ability |to |engage |in |normally |enjoyable |activities bipolar |mood |disorder |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Episodes |of |depression |and |mania |(onset |occurs |between | 18 |and |22) heterogeneity |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔all |patients |do |not |have |exactly |the |same |set |of |symptoms, |the |same |pattern |of |onset, |or |the |same |course |over |time Persistent |Depressive |Disorder |(Dysthymia) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔(A |chronic |state |of |depression) |the |symptoms |are |the |same |as |those |of |major |depression, |but |they |are |less |severe |(Persistent, |lasting |two |or |more |years |and |an |individual |is |never |without |symptoms |for |more |than |two |months; |Leads |to |severe |outcomes |(social |isolation, |high |suicide |risk, |and |mislabeled |as |moody |or |difficult) |)
premenstrual |dysphoric |disorder |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔More |severe |form |of |premenstrual |changes |(Sadness, |despair, |anxiety, |tension; |Changes |in |sleep, |appetite, |libido; |Clinically |significant |distress) Disruptive |Mood |Dysregulation |Disorder |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Children | 6 - 18 |with |severe, |recurrent |temper |outbursts; |early |onset |of |depression bipolar |I |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔At |least |one |manic |episode |(one |week) bipolar |II |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔At |least |one |hypomanic |episode, |no |full |blown |manic |episode |( |days |and |does |not |disturb |functioning) cyclothymia |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Bipolar |equivalent |of |(persistent |depressive |disorder) |dysthymia- 2 |years |(Must |experience |numerous |hypomanic |and |depressive |moods |during |a |two-year |period) rapid |cycling |bipolar |disorder |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔have |four |or |more |severe |mood |disturbances |within |a |single |year mixed |state |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔a |state |characterized |by |symptoms |of |mania |and |depression |that |occur |at |the |same |time melancholia |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔a |distinct |quality |of |depressed |mood |(worse |than |prior |episodes; |worse |in |the |AM; |early |AM |awakening |significant |appetite |or |weight |loss; |excessive |guilt; |Psychomotor |retardation |or |agitation) anxious |distress |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔keyed-up |and |tense, |unusually |restless, |can't |concentrate |because |of |worry, |fear |something |awful |may |happen, |might |lose |control psychotic |features |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Delusions |and/or |hallucinations | (examples |of |delusions: |personal |inadequacy, |guilt, |death, |nihilism, deserved |punishment; |Usually |requires |hospitalization |and |medication)
antidepressant |medications |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔four |categories: |Selective |Serotonin |Reuptake |Inhibitors |(SSRIs),Tricyclics, |Monoamine |Oxidase |Inhibitors |(MOA-Is), |Other Tricyclics |(TCAs) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔More |side |effects: |Constipation, |drowsiness, |drop |in |BP, |blurred |vision; |equal |in |efficacy |to |SSRIs MAO-Is |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Not |as |effective |as |tricyclics |and |Used |in |treatment |of |anxiety |disorders, |particularly |agoraphobia |and |panic lithium |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Moderates |glutamate |levels |and |is |Effective |in |treatment |in |alleviation |of |manic |symptoms anticonvulsants |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Used |to |treat |rapid |cycling Seasonal |Mood |Disorders |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Changes |in |seasons |can |bring |about |mood |disorders |(Light |therapy |is |exposure |to |bright |broad-spectrum |light |for |one |to |two |hours |everyday; |Combination |of |cognitive |therapy |and |light |therapy |is |preferred) parasuicide |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔superficial |cutting |and |OD |on |nonlethal |medications |(non-suicidal |self-injury) nonsuicidal |self-injury |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔To |punish |the |self |and |is |a |reflection |of |frustration |and |anger; |Maladaptive |way |to |regulate |intense, |negative |emotional |states-feel |relief |from |negative |feelings |(ex. |cutting, |burning, |scratching |the |skin) psychological |causes |of |suicide |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔social |isolation, |feelings |of |being |a |burden, |previous |attempts, |Emotional |distress, |helplessness, |social |isolation biological |causes |of |suicide |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Reduced |levels |of |serotonin, |poor |impulse |control, |violent |and |aggressive |behaviors, |Potential |for |genetic |predisposition
social |causes |of |suicide |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔Social |belongingness, |Availability |of |guns, |media, |social |integrations, |and |regulation-media treatment |of |suicidal |people |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔psychotherapy, |crisis |centers |and |hotlines
