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AAS 210 FINAL EXAM 2025 Complete Q&A
Study Guide (Verified Questions &
Answers)
A critical perspective of race understands it as a "social construction." This means that race is a human invention. Race is therefore a system of classifying human beings based on superficial physical differences that are assumed to be biologically determine Racialization is the process of the production of "race." The configuration of a racial classification system through politics, the economy, and in society. In other words, race is therefore politically produced, economically produced, and socially produced. SOCIALLY, ECONOMICALLY AND POLITICALLY constructed Race - CORRECT ANSWER Race is therefore a system of classifying human beings based on superficial physical differences that are assumed to be biologically determine As a human invention, race is therefore unstable, and changes through time. The definition of race changes through time. Race, the idea of race is a HUMAN INVENTION Racial definitions and classifications are fluid, and changed over historical periods and influenced by economic, social, and political forces Racism - CORRECT ANSWER
Manifest destiny - CORRECT ANSWER Push-Pull factors - CORRECT ANSWER Assimilation - CORRECT ANSWER Melting Pot - CORRECT ANSWER Yellow Peril - CORRECT ANSWER 1790 Nationality Act - CORRECT ANSWER restricted citizenship to "free white persons" Meiji Restoration - CORRECT ANSWER the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's Gold Rush - CORRECT ANSWER 1848 - 1882 waves of Chinese migrants came to CA, WA,OR, ID in search of gold particularly from the southern regions of Canton and Fujian. Although their search was for gold, many ended up in coal mines , railroad construction, and service work. Hawaii/Plantation system - CORRECT ANSWER Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association - CORRECT ANSWER Chinese Six Companies / CCBA (Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association) - CORRECT ANSWER 1862 Six Chinese district associations in SF form a loose federation Begun to promote community cooperation and to protect ethnic identity in the face of discrimination and violence against
Recruited labor / coolie labor / contract labor - CORRECT ANSWER loaned money for passage they would pay for with interest using their labor wages Chinese Exclusion Act 1882- 1943 - CORRECT ANSWER A law signed by Congress prohibiting further Chinese immigration Brown v. Board of Education 1954 - CORRECT ANSWER Overrules Plessy v. Ferguson (no stare decisis). Racial segregation violates 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause ("separate is inherently unequal") Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 - CORRECT ANSWER Established separate but equal Wong Kin Ark v. U.S. 1898 - CORRECT ANSWER Chinese born in the US cannot be stripped of their citizenship under the 14th amendment Philippine-American War - CORRECT ANSWER armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902. U.S. Nationals - CORRECT ANSWER immigrants from a country that is being "colonized" by the US therefore the US can't restrict their immigration (Filipinos)
Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934 - CORRECT ANSWER provided for the independence of the Philippines after a 12 years US did not want to defend the Philippines from Japan and wanted to restrict immigration Abiko Kyuatro Yamato Colony - CORRECT ANSWER Indigenous Filipinos - CORRECT ANSWER Igorots, Moros, Tinguianes, Negritos and others were transported to the US as living exhibitions during the world fairs Pensionadoes - CORRECT ANSWER The Pensionado Act established a scholarship program for Filipinos to attend school in the United States. The students of this program, mainly boys, were called pensionadoes. Due to their success, other immigrants from the Philippines followed, settling in the US and some joining the US navy Anti-Filipino riots - CORRECT ANSWER 1920s reactions to Filipino farm workers during the great depression Syngman Rhee 1875- 1965 - CORRECT ANSWER Gentlemen's Agreement 1906- 1907 - CORRECT ANSWER Agreement between US and Japan which denied passports to laborers immigrating to the US. A loophole though allowed for women and children to join their already immigrated family members (picture brides) Alien Land Laws 1913 - CORRECT ANSWER Foreigners could not own land (fear of farmers owning land)
Ethnic enclave - CORRECT ANSWER ie. Chinatowns (Koreans did not create ethnic enclaves) Korean Independence movement - CORRECT ANSWER Durham W. Stevens - CORRECT ANSWER American diplomat who asserted the Koreans benefited from Japanese colonization. Chang InHwan and Chon Myong-won confronted him at the Ferry Building in SF where Stevens was then shot 3 times. Issei / Nisei / kibei - CORRECT ANSWER No-no boys - CORRECT ANSWER Drafter resisters - CORRECT ANSWER Japanese American internment - CORRECT ANSWER executive order 9066 "designated military areas where any and all can be excluded" mainly targeting Japanese Japanese American Redress - CORRECT ANSWER Japanese American Citizens Alliance - CORRECT ANSWER 442nd Regimental Combat Team - CORRECT ANSWER World War II (1937-1945) - CORRECT ANSWER
War Brides Act 1945, 1947 - CORRECT ANSWER allowed 722 Chinese and 2043 Japanese war brides to immigrate to US to rejoin their husbands McCarran Walter Act 1952 - CORRECT ANSWER Eliminated the Asiatic Barred Zone and gave out 100 visas minimum to each country giving preferences to those with family already in the US Model Minorities - CORRECT ANSWER Japanese American Redress - CORRECT ANSWER Korean War 1950- 52 - CORRECT ANSWER "forgotten war" leading to the emergence of two rival states on the penninsula Korean adoptees - CORRECT ANSWER originally began as a rescue operation, 150,000-200,000 have been adopted by white middle class Americans. Cut off from their culture, many adoptees struggled with identity and isolation Cold War - CORRECT ANSWER Vietnam War (1965-1975) - CORRECT ANSWER Nixon's Vietnamization - CORRECT ANSWER provided for a measured and phased withdrawl of American troops coupled with efforts to transfer all military responsibilities to South Vietnam Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act 1975 - CORRECT ANSWER reimburses state governments for the expenses of state resettlement programs for Vietnamese refugees
Vietnamese refugees - CORRECT ANSWER initial governement assistance followed by compassion fatigue Cambodian refugees - CORRECT ANSWER compassion fatigue Laotian refugees - CORRECT ANSWER Hmong refugees - CORRECT ANSWER New Asians in America - CORRECT ANSWER How was concept of race related to Western Colonialism? - CORRECT ANSWER Idea of race was used to justify the idea of colonialism If not white then uncivilized How did white colonizers see themselves and those they colonized?
- CORRECT ANSWER Believed that Christianity was the only true religion and viewed the colonized as heathen Saw themselves as adults while the colonized were subhuman or children and Saw colonized as irrational while they were rational so thought it was their duty to civilize other people How white people tended to view people of color before slavery? - CORRECT ANSWER exotic Rationale in which imperialism and colonialism are often cloaked? - CORRECT ANSWER colonialism is saving/civilizing them, bringing public progress imperialism is countries use of power to politically and economically control another country
What are ideological roots of imperialism and Colonialism? - CORRECT ANSWER Nationalism, racism, capitalism using resource for themselves Used resources of colonized to expand their own markets Westerners saw people of color as inferior because they deserved nothing better than to be called "inferior" since they were seen to be below them When did Europeans consider white as a race and race as an important characteristic? - CORRECT ANSWER When slavery became based on race before it was because of economic class and port slavery used to be because of social class not skin color Realms (e.g., social? political?) of effects of western imperialism on Philippines cultural - CORRECT ANSWER socially, politically, and culturally First wave Filipino Americans: When? - CORRECT ANSWER Trickle began around 1903; significant immigration started in 1909 and ended roughly in 1930s (1909-1935) Reasons for first wave Filipino Americans coming to U.S: - CORRECT ANSWER cholera, edu, making money What are pensionados for First Wave Filipinos? - CORRECT ANSWER Filipino students selected by U.S. gov't, to study in U.S.; expenses fully paid by U.S. government
ANSWER Mainland In Hawaii: a. Who recruited 1st wave FA? Plantation owners, American gov't - CORRECT ANSWER HSPA When recruited 1st wave FA? - CORRECT ANSWER 1907 really went going in 1909 Why were the 1st FA recruited during 1907-1909? - CORRECT ANSWER Gentlemen's Agreement was cutting down supply of Japanese laborers and the lack of Korean and Japanese laborers meant that farm labor jobs opening up for F in Hawaii. Why work plantations? - CORRECT ANSWER Cheap labor Why were the 1st wave FA recruited during the 1907-1909? - CORRECT ANSWER Gentlemen's Agreement was cutting down supply of Japanese laborers and the lack of Korean and Japanese laborers meant that farm labor jobs opening up for F in Hawaii. Why did the 1st wave FA work plantations? - CORRECT ANSWER Cheap labor Work opportunities in Hawaii and consequences: - CORRECT ANSWER plantation workers (earlier waves of immigrants took all other jobs) Consequences of the 1st wave FA working in Hawaii - CORRECT ANSWER strike, Filipinos were recruited as strikebreakers and paid
almost double what workers were demanding, 1920 strike: a) JA and FA went on strike; HSPA hired 2,200 strikebreakers of other nationalities and paid much more than striking workers sought: temporarily paid strikebreakers $3 a day when strikers were earning 77¢ a day b) pitted Asian Americans against one another More living on mainland or Hawaii from beginning of first-wave? - CORRECT ANSWER Hawaii {1935, about 40,000-58,000 F workers had returned to Philippines and 19,000 moved to U.S. mainland out of original 113,000 (remainder stayed in Hawaii)} By 1920, How many Filipinos lived in Hawaii compared to the mainland
- CORRECT ANSWER 4 times Work opportunities in Hawaii for the 1st wave FA? - CORRECT ANSWER plantation workers (earlier waves of immigrants took those jobs) Consequences for 1st wave FA in Hawaii? - CORRECT ANSWER strike, Filipinos were recruited as strikebreakers and paid almost double what workers were demanding, 1920 strike: What happened during the 1920 strike: - CORRECT ANSWER a) JA and FA went on strike; HSPA hired 2,200 strikebreakers of other nationalities and paid much more than striking workers sought: temporarily paid strikebreakers $3 a day when strikers were earning 77¢ a day b) pitted Asian Americans against one another More FA living on mainland or Hawaii from beginning of first-wave? -
Farmers, fisheries, domestic service, canneries Why didn't 1st wave FA go into small business? - CORRECT ANSWER Not enough capital, no business experience, risk, Kept moving (no stable customers, sending money back to PI) Did 1st wave FA tend to have nuclear families? - CORRECT ANSWER No, not enough FA women Did 1st wave FA tend to have well-organized, permanent Filipino American community? - CORRECT ANSWER Didn't have well organized groups like the Chinese Functions of mutual aid organizations for the 1st wave FA? - CORRECT ANSWER Loan gives or exchanged labor Responses to the Discrimination 1st wave FA experienced: - CORRECT ANSWER Formed unions and strikes, Took legal action (mutual aid organizations), shocked bc learned that they were equal Discrimination 1st wave FA experienced: - CORRECT ANSWER Antimiscegenation laws: Whom did they marry They married latina women because help relations between two cultures (Mexican) Significance of American conquest of Philippines for rights and status of Filipinos in America : - CORRECT ANSWER They were American nationals What was status Nationals: - CORRECT ANSWER neither immigrants nor citizens, citizens in name, had permission to do same of other citizens but lacked many of the rights
When could FA come freely to U.S.? - CORRECT ANSWER 1930s What was effect of Immigration Act of 1924? - CORRECT ANSWER Indirect effect, did not bar filipinos because they were US nationals more growing anti FA sentiment because whites didn't want more immigrants Mexicans were taking FA jobs for lesser pay, farmers were worried that pay would increase for mexican so hired FA for a while then when they were wrong, then fired FA(Mexicans exempt from Asian limit= took jobs filipinos had and paid them less= less opportunities) What was effect of Great Depression on immigration; why? - CORRECT ANSWER effects: less FA because discouragement from work, More workers than jobs (plantations cut back, Jobs FA had= white men were willing to take, worker surplus) Repatriation efforts for 1st wave FA: Reasons for Offered - CORRECT ANSWER filipinos to go back (forfeit right to come back to US) Repatriation efforts for 1st wave FA Effectiveness? - CORRECT ANSWER Not very effective because Not many FA took offer, embarrassing Reasons independence was granted to Philippines - CORRECT ANSWER it was the only way to exclude Filipino products through trade issue Immigrants as commodities
Characteristics of 2nd wave FA: - CORRECT ANSWER War brides, mostly farm workers Size of 2nd wave FA due to (McCarran Walter Act Provisions) - CORRECT ANSWER 100 annual quota to 105, very low When was 2nd wave FA? - CORRECT ANSWER After 1965 Third wave FA: Reasons for leaving - CORRECT ANSWER Family reunification, corrupt regime, mass unemployment, foreign debt, nurses, large pop of educated middle class= can't find jobs, messing up F economy Third wave FA: Characteristics: - CORRECT ANSWER Mostly female Community of 3rd wave FA now: - CORRECT ANSWER Size and diversity of Filipino population in U.S., compared to other Asian American groups- 2nd largest AA group High rates of self-employment for 3rd Wave FA? - CORRECT ANSWER No, only 3.5% very low Why were rates of self employment high for 3rd wave FA? - CORRECT ANSWER Self-risk because they can speak english less in self employment, can speak english ASIAN INDIANS When first wave? - CORRECT ANSWER 1908 - 1917
Who invented and how "Asian" classification invented? - CORRECT ANSWER Europeans, eastern world (common characteristics with orientals) ASIAN INDIANS 1st wave Who came? - CORRECT ANSWER 80 - 90% were Sikhs and Hindus, sojourners, farm laborers, student ASIAN INDIANS 1st wave Big wave? - CORRECT ANSWER No, fewer than 7000 ASIAN INDIANS 1st wave Why came? - CORRECT ANSWER A Lot of discrimination in Canada recruited for manual labor ASIAN INDIANS 1st wave Discrimination experienced: - CORRECT ANSWER can't own land, considered Caucasian but not considered white (racially white, but denied rights because of dark skin) ASIAN INDIANS 1st wave Center of community: - CORRECT ANSWER Church/temples, Independence organization ASIAN INDIANS 1st wave Goal of patriotic organizations: - CORRECT ANSWER independence of India ASIAN INDIANS 1st wave Who dominated: - CORRECT ANSWER Students and labor contractors
