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AAS 210 FINAL EXAM 2025 Complete Q&A
Study Guide (Verified Questions &
Answers)
What were difficulties SEA immigrants faced when resettling in the US? - CORRECT ANSWER - Unfamiliar with English, US culture
- Those from rural unfamiliar with urban areas
- Downward occupational mobility
- Psychological scars/post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Racism
- Racialization as unassimilable foreigners
- Foreigner racialization is getting separated as a danger to the US - Violence How does Thi Bui's "The Best we Can do" showcase the hardships of SEA refugees? - CORRECT ANSWER - How does her graphic novel reflect the SEA refugee experience - Humanizes it Shows the trauma, father is abusive
- Artist and activist - new graphic novel on SEA refugee detention and deportation
- Supported teacher's strike in Oakland Unified School District When was the peak of the Asian American movement's activism? (AAM) - CORRECT ANSWER 1960's-1980's What did AAS focus on in the 1960's? - CORRECT ANSWER Broader struggles against racism, oppression and power Who made up a large part of the AAM? - CORRECT ANSWER College students and community members with organizing experience/concern for the community Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA) - CORRECT ANSWER - Formed in 1968
- Co-founder coined the term "Asian American"
- re-rooted the AAM in solidarity
- pan-ethnic identity What was the AAM fighting for overall? - CORRECT ANSWER - Social program improvements so they meet community needs
- Housing rights (predominantly anti-evictions, think I-Hotel/Manilatown)
- Unionizing on worksites
- Education rights (Asian American studies and Ethnic Studies)
- Democratic rights AA Issues in LA/Little Tokyo - CORRECT ANSWER - largely surrounding the issue of displacement, similar to I-Hotel, the Sun Hotel was fighting consistent evictions What is the legacy of the Asian American Movement? - CORRECT ANSWER - Transformed AA consciousness, made people consider themselves AA too, not just with an Ethnic Identifier
- Empowered disenfranchised communities
- Ethnic Studies/AAS programs and departments What were the major effects of the Global Economic Restructuring after the weak economy in the 60s/70s? - CORRECT ANSWER - Capitalism changed or shifted to becoming a more intermeshed, interdependent global market economy rather than nation-based
- Laws and policies passed that were harsher to Unions
- Replacing laborers with cheaper workers Deindustrialization - CORRECT ANSWER - Manufacturing being moved overseas
- Deregulation, Defunding of public sector, Welfare state cut, and Assault on labor
- some refer to this as late capitalism or neo-liberal capitalism argued government involvement Globalization & it's effect - CORRECT ANSWER Shift to a global service-based economy; made a middle class through home-ownership, social programs
Why did Filipinx nurses flee to the US? - CORRECT ANSWER Nurses fleeing high unemployment, national debt Thanks to Western and Spanish colonialism (Rise of manufacturing jobs, taking resources) How were Filipinx nurses that came to the US treated by the pinoy community? How did this perception later change? - CORRECT ANSWER - Initially seen as national traitors, contributing to healthcare worker shortage (leaving the Philippines behind, In reality, these workers were sending home money, gift boxes, etc, and stimulating the economy from the outside)
- 1970's, praised as "long lost daughters" and national heroes under Marcos' export-oriented economy the export was workers; SO they could stimulate the economy from the outside Importance of H-1 to Filipinx nurses? - CORRECT ANSWER - H-1 was a temporary worker Visa, and a lot of Filipinx nurses were able to come to the US and study western medicine under that temporary visa; in 1965 after the employment preferences were put in place, many were able to come permanantly Difficulties of Filipinx nurses - CORRECT ANSWER - Need an employer sponsor
- only lasted 3 years
- no guarantee you could change your status and get a green card and become a permanent resident
- racism/discrimination at work (stationed in more dangerous areas like big cities, "English Only" worksites What were the difficulties Filipinx nurses faced during licensing exams? - CORRECT ANSWER Failing the section that has to do with psychiatric nursing specifically (Failure meant temporary work status revoked, eligible for deportation) Model Minority Image/Stereotype - CORRECT ANSWER Argues Asian Americans are successful due to traditional Asian cultural values; Hard work, reverence/respect for learning, morality, thrift, respect for parents/authority
How is the Model Minority stereotype harmful? - CORRECT ANSWER - Divides communities of color; countermovement against African Americans, used as a comparison
- masks needs of AAPI groups
- Increased dismantling of social programs and affirmative action under Reagan trying to get rid of the welfare state against affirmative action At a federal level; they wanted to talk about how a minority group COULD succeed without social programs (excuse to take them away)
- racialization (Dog-whistle politics) Didn't name the race of people who were abusing social programs, but they meant people of color, turned the public against them How is the Model Minority Stereotype Ahistorical? - CORRECT ANSWER - Not accurate to history (There are still revolutions in China/Vietnam efforts from South Koreans for Democracy; against military rule)
- U.S. News & World Report (1966) (kind of establish Model Minority Stereotype) -
"At a time when it is being proposed that hundreds of billions be spent to uplift African Americans and other minorities, the nation's 300,000 Chinese-Americans are moving ahead on their own-with no help from anyone else"
- Looked at education and median family income (not the "nuclear family" ideal, families often have multiple sources of income) - don't care about education; more about payment post-college in comparison to the white majority Why was the Model Minority stereotype resurged in 1980? - CORRECT ANSWER
- Increased dismantling of social programs and affirmative action under Reagan
- Trying to get rid of the welfare state _ against affirmative action
- At a federal level; they wanted to talk about how a minority group COULD succeed without social programs (excuse to take them away)
How is AAPI Incarceration hidden? - CORRECT ANSWER - Incarceration hidden, in part, because of the 'model minority' image
- AA have economic and educational success, Image created to divide communities of color and to delegitimize political claims of POC
- Incarceration was also hidden because of a lack of record-keeping What is the Prison Industrial Complex (PIC) - CORRECT ANSWER - Crime is socially constructed
- Analysis of incarceration is grounded in history, (i.e., pay attention to changes in US political and economic structures starting in the late 20th century, like economic restructuring and the rise of neoliberal capitalism)
- Scholars argue that criminalization and incarceration became the state's 'solution' to societal problems, like lack of education, lack of mental health funding, US imperialism and concomitant forced migration, and homelessness Describe Military Industrial Complex - CORRECT ANSWER - President Eisenhower = close collaboration between the government and arms producing companies to influence the political and economic priorities in this country and to make permanent war (replace concept of permanent war with permanent/constant incarceration) California Propsition 21 2000 - CORRECT ANSWER - Juvenile Crime initiative
- Tough on gang-related crime, i.e. creating new categories of crime
- Required juveniles who commit gang-related crimes or serious crimes in adult court
- Required that juveniles convicted of these new categories of crime to be sentenced to CDC prisons rather than CYA Environmental Racism - CORRECT ANSWER Disproportionate burdening of communities of color with environmental hazards, i.e. soil, air, and/or water pollution, noise pollution, traffic congestion, and toxic sites, like trash incinerators or factories What environmental hazards are AAPI exposed to as a result of environmental racism? - CORRECT ANSWER - Worksite exposure
(sweatshop labor in semiconductor factories and garment industries, nail salon and dry cleaning)
- Living space exposure (Housing close to areas zoned for toxic land uses Urban redevelopment — gentrification and substandard housing)
- Food Consumption and Production (contaminated fish, working on farms, working in slaughterhouses) Settler Colonialism - CORRECT ANSWER - a distinct type of colonialism that functions through the replacement of indigenous populations with an invasive settler society that, over time, develops a distinctive identity and sovereignty.
- Tourism impacts environment resources, food systems disrupted, history/culture/language forgotten/erased Environmental Justice - CORRECT ANSWER - social movement that treats environmental issues as a social justice issue and that is mobilizing against environmental racism
- Through redefining what constituted "environment" Racialization - CORRECT ANSWER - the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people What groups of people where racialized post 9/11 - CORRECT ANSWER Middle Eastern, Muslim, and South Asian Americans have been racialized together not just as "foreigners' but also as 'terrorists'/'threats to the nation' What does AMEMSA stand for - CORRECT ANSWER Arab, Middle Eastern, Muslim, and South Asian 1980 Refugee Act - CORRECT ANSWER Political asylum for refugees and asylees victimized on the basis of their race, religion, nationality, political affiliation, or group membership, actually harmed SEA refugee immigration since it imposed new regulations, still helped refugees in the US already
- Why did first wave Chinese Americans leave China? - CORRECT ANSWER Gold Rush Flood Opium War: badly damaged China's economy Why did British go to China in mid-19th century? - CORRECT ANSWER Trade Christianity Recruit Labor Nuclear families quickly formed for 1st wave Chinese Americans? Why? - CORRECT ANSWER No, Chinese Exclusion Act and Anti miscegenation Consequences of intention to return to China: - CORRECT ANSWER Government taxed Chinese to pay the cost of the Opium War Attitudes of 1st wave Chinese toward assimilation - CORRECT ANSWER No try to assimilate quick adoption of Western clothing, ways, etc. for the 1st wave Chinese Americans? - CORRECT ANSWER no, First wave Chinese didn't What did the first wave Chinese Americans do with their earnings? - CORRECT ANSWER The 1st wave Chinese sent earnings back to China Consequences for first wave Chinese Americans sending earnings to China: - CORRECT ANSWER They weren't putting money back into the economy
- What types of work did the first wave Chinese Americans do? - CORRECT ANSWER Unwanted jobs Restaurants Labor Intensive Railroads Manufacturies on East Coast
a. Why did first wave Chinese Americans opened laundries? - CORRECT ANSWER Easy to learn No education required Cheap start-up Profitable Language barrier not an issue First wave Chinese Contributions to agriculture (what did they add to US agriculture? - CORRECT ANSWER Planted rice, tea, sugar cane (CA)
- Role in rice production; a. significance of rice production for Hawaiian economy What was the 2nd most important production for the first wave Chinese Americans - CORRECT ANSWER 2) Role in sugar production Chinese started commercial sugar productions Who grew Coconut trees and domestic animals? - CORRECT ANSWER Polynesian How many years of work were at first ostensibly owed by Chinese laborers to pay for their transportation to the Western hemisphere? - CORRECT ANSWER 8 years, indentured servant hood to Hawaii many migrated to mainland US replaced by japanese d. How many died before contracts expired/fulfilled? - CORRECT ANSWER Half of them died before contracts were fulfilled
- Were first wave Chinese Americans widely geographically dispersed? - CORRECT ANSWER The Chinese were more dispersed than the Japanese because of the railroad What types of work did First Wave Chinese Americans do in Hawaii? - CORRECT
Chinese can't be set apart for taxation (racially neutral law enforcement) Which law provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration. - CORRECT ANSWER 1882 Exclusion Act When did the 1882 Exclusion Act extended to Hawaii? why? - CORRECT ANSWER 1898 , because Hawaii was their territory Why was the 1882 Exclusion Act repealed? When? - CORRECT ANSWER Because Congress was afraid that WW2 would become a race war and China would back Japan, 1943 What were paper sons? - CORRECT ANSWER People who faked relations with Chinese Americans to come into the US started 1904 When was the CA community rural? - CORRECT ANSWER 1907 when building train tracks When was the CA community urban? - CORRECT ANSWER 1910 Consequences of laws keeping Chinese women out of U.S. for CA community*************** - CORRECT ANSWER no second generations more bachelor communities/ societies more prostitution Why Chinese women no come to US - CORRECT ANSWER they needed to keep women at home so that they could send money back home men were needed Traditional (ethnic) organizations: - CORRECT ANSWER formed unions like railroad workers went on strike for better hours and better pay Traditional (ethnic) organizations: 2 types: - CORRECT ANSWER Tongs Huigwons
Tongs - CORRECT ANSWER more criminal oriented, gangster, mafia, illegal Huigwons: - CORRECT ANSWER clan of supported individuals gang that helped edu, schooling, financial support for Chinese rotating loan associations most important association functioned as mediators Why fragmentation of identity as Chinese among 1st Wave? - CORRECT ANSWER they weren't a lot of Chinese in America and had no background or support systems so trying to find own way then a lot of Chinese as bachelors now they come as families Why did the First Wave Chinese merchants have power? - CORRECT ANSWER They were Bilingual, had money, could arrest organization leaders, vote for organization leaders, people couldn't leave, decided who got which job Why didn't American-born Chinese escape authority of Chinatown power elite early on (i.e., in the beginning of the 20th century) - CORRECT ANSWER American-born Chinese Americans didn't need support system that Chinatown supported those who couldn't speak English. Chinese Americans left Chinatown to find money else where to find support system What were the effects of exogenous factors and social and economic pressures applied by clans, tongs, 6 companies on CA community? - CORRECT ANSWER Made Chinatown excluded, too much racism, there wasn't Anti Miscegenation self enclosed because they couldn't intermarry Why fragmentation of identity as Chinese? - CORRECT ANSWER Chinese only see ppl from same village members as one of them
War brides skills Channels through which second wave immigrated - CORRECT ANSWER War Brides Act: allow alien spouses, natural children, and adopted children of members of the United States Armed Forces, "if admissible," to enter the U.S. as non-quota immigrants after World War II. Angel Island Refugee Relief Refugees Relief Act 1980 ******** - CORRECT ANSWER Law passed to respond to the urgent needs of persons subject to persecution in their homelands To provide assistance, asylum, and resettlement opportunities to admitted refugees. Goal of the Refugee Act was to create a uniform procedure with which to provide these opportunities to refugees. What was the McCarthy era Confession program: - CORRECT ANSWER People can stay if they tell if someone is a paper son to the IMS What were the Effects of the McCarthy era Confession program? - CORRECT ANSWER Caused distrust among Chinese communities 1965 Immigration Act: - CORRECT ANSWER Put quota of 20,000 from PRC 2,000 from Taiwan 1,000 from Hong Kong Taiwan and Hong Kong affected because they were considered their own country What did the 1965 Immigration Act provide? - CORRECT ANSWER - abolished an earlier quota system based on national origin
- established new immigration policy reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor to the United States.
- greatly change the demographic makeup of the American population,
- more immigrants from Asia, Africa and Latin America instead of Europe. family reunification
Why the 1965 Immigration Act passed when it was? - CORRECT ANSWER The act was passed because of: Civil Rights Movement: Domestic racism in US Skilled workers benefits to fill in labor needs US image in immigration Vietnam War What was expected effect of the 1965 Immigration Act: - CORRECT ANSWER Surge of European immigrants, Asians more educated and wealthy merchants to arrive Third wave Chinese Americans: When? - CORRECT ANSWER 1965 - present Reasons for 3rd wave Chinese Americans coming: - CORRECT ANSWER Taiwanese escape military before 16 education farming When did traditional organizations decline? - CORRECT ANSWER Late 1960's Why did traditional organizations decline? - CORRECT ANSWER There was no need for it because they could always turn to the US gov't for help Chinese people don't need to be in Chinatown anymore inter generational conflicts When was the First wave Japanese Americans? - CORRECT ANSWER 1885 - Nation Humiliation Day 1906 Reasons for First Wave Japanese leaving Japan - CORRECT ANSWER Tax too high for farmers Avoid military Younger sons left because all inheritance went to 1st son Samurai Class and farmers
- Term for original immigrants (Yeah, "Japanese") - CORRECT ANSWER Issei Nisei
tried to give opposite impression by adopting western ways convert to Christianity Japanese Religion compared to Chinese Americans: - CORRECT ANSWER Buddhist Many Isseis later became Christians because of benefits: housing, jobs, opportunity to learn, speak, and behave like Americans Why delay in establishing Buddhist church in US for 1st wave jpn? - CORRECT ANSWER didn't want to draw attention anti jpn climate dominated by Christian and catholic churches What discrimination was experienced by the First Wave Japanese Americans?
- CORRECT ANSWER typical racism aliens ineligible for naturalized citizenship weren't able to get business licences anti miscegenation laws First Wave Japanese Americans' Responses to discrimination - CORRECT ANSWER labor strikes boycotts union demand pay by output rather than hour work slower Could Isseis become citizens in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? - CORRECT ANSWER not till WW anti jpn sentiment pearl harbor What was the religion of most when first wave left Japan? - CORRECT ANSWER mostly Buddhist Why did many Issei become Christian: - CORRECT ANSWER missionaries, provided housing jobs Why was there a delay in establishing Buddhist church in U.S. - CORRECT ANSWER didn't want to draw attention
Types of work First Wave Japanese Americans went into? - CORRECT ANSWER agricultural, domestics, mining, lumber mills, railroad construction Comparison to Chinese in tendency to go into manufacturing - CORRECT ANSWER Jpn went into agricultural work because they didn't have to capital because it was too expensive to start by then, Chinese went into manufacturing production Agricultural work: Were the First Wave Japanese Americans efficient farmers? - CORRECT ANSWER yes Did the First Wave Japanese Americans try to move from laborer to owner? - CORRECT ANSWER yes How did the First Wave Japanese American laborers got fair pay - CORRECT ANSWER they demanded output by working slower laborers work as a CREW pay japan laborers more than American First Wave Japanese Americans' contribution to agriculture - CORRECT ANSWER turned valleys and deserts into farmland 50% of Us Agriculture name 3 valleys in California turned into farmland by the 1st wave Japanese - CORRECT ANSWER San Joaquin Valley San Fernando Valley imperial Valley Were The First Wave Japanese Americans widely geographically dispersed compared to Chinese - CORRECT ANSWER no, mostly west coast Just before World War II, in what city did most live? - CORRECT ANSWER Seattle and LA most popular Mostly First Wave Jpn go to Hawaii or mainland: - CORRECT ANSWER before gentlemen agreement Hawaii and mainland after Gentlemen's agreement
